Exam Study Guide 4

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Chapter 11 & 12

21 Terms

1

What is embodied cognition?

A theory that the brain stores knowledge using shared mechanisms for perception, action, and knowledge.

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2

Why is categorization important?

It helps group items or ideas, making communication easier and aiding in decisions and predictions.

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3

What is family resemblance in categorization?

A concept where items in a category share typical features, creating similarity among exemplars.

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4

How does the brain store categorical knowledge?

By distinguishing between living things and artifacts, as well as between sensory (e.g., flower) and functional (e.g., pen) knowledge.

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5

How is intelligence defined?

The ability to reason, solve problems, and acquire knowledge.

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6

What are crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence is knowledge-based, while fluid intelligence involves analytical skills independent of prior knowledge.

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7

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

It measures intelligence through IQ tests and examines factors like general and specific intelligence.

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8

What are some limitations of intelligence tests?

They do not fully incorporate emotions, creativity, or other abilities important for real-world success.

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9

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

The discussion of whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) primarily drives human development.

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10

What did Piaget propose about cognitive development?

That children interact with the world differently at each developmental stage and gradually develop object permanence and conservation skills.

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11

What methods are used to study infant cognition?

Preferential looking and habituation techniques.

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12

How do intelligence and knowledge change over development?

Both grow through interaction between genetics and learning experiences

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13

What is social cognition?

The study of how people perceive, think about, and interact with others and social groups.

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14

What is theory of mind?

The ability to understand others' mental states, a key developmental milestone.

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15

How does social cognition differ from nonsocial cognition?

It involves reciprocal interaction, as people perceive and are influenced by others' perceptions of them.

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16

What are common shortcuts in social cognition?

Grouping people into in-groups/out-groups, using stereotypes, and making rapid judgments based on appearances.

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17

What is the consequence of using stereotypes?

They can guide decisions in the wrong direction and lead to intergroup hostility and prejudice.

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18

What is motivated reasoning?

The tendency to interpret information in ways that align with preexisting beliefs or emotions.

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19

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to focus on information that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

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20

What is the false consensus effect?

The mistaken belief that one’s views are more widely shared than they actually are.

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21

How can understanding social cognition help with disagreements?

By recognizing biases and emotional reactions, it can foster better communication and understanding.

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