Exam Study Guide 4

Chapter 11 & 12

What is embodied cognition?

A theory that the brain stores knowledge using shared mechanisms for perception, action, and knowledge.

Why is categorization important?

It helps group items or ideas, making communication easier and aiding in decisions and predictions.

What is family resemblance in categorization?

A concept where items in a category share typical features, creating similarity among exemplars.

How does the brain store categorical knowledge?

By distinguishing between living things and artifacts, as well as between sensory (e.g., flower) and functional (e.g., pen) knowledge.

How is intelligence defined?

The ability to reason, solve problems, and acquire knowledge.

What are crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence is knowledge-based, while fluid intelligence involves analytical skills independent of prior knowledge.

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

It measures intelligence through IQ tests and examines factors like general and specific intelligence.

What are some limitations of intelligence tests?

They do not fully incorporate emotions, creativity, or other abilities important for real-world success.

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

The discussion of whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) primarily drives human development.

What did Piaget propose about cognitive development?

That children interact with the world differently at each developmental stage and gradually develop object permanence and conservation skills.

What methods are used to study infant cognition?

Preferential looking and habituation techniques.

How do intelligence and knowledge change over development?

Both grow through interaction between genetics and learning experiences

What is social cognition?

The study of how people perceive, think about, and interact with others and social groups.

What is theory of mind?

The ability to understand others' mental states, a key developmental milestone.

How does social cognition differ from nonsocial cognition?

It involves reciprocal interaction, as people perceive and are influenced by others' perceptions of them.

What are common shortcuts in social cognition?

Grouping people into in-groups/out-groups, using stereotypes, and making rapid judgments based on appearances.

What is the consequence of using stereotypes?

They can guide decisions in the wrong direction and lead to intergroup hostility and prejudice.

What is motivated reasoning?

The tendency to interpret information in ways that align with preexisting beliefs or emotions.

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to focus on information that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

What is the false consensus effect?

The mistaken belief that one’s views are more widely shared than they actually are.

How can understanding social cognition help with disagreements?

By recognizing biases and emotional reactions, it can foster better communication and understanding.