IT - definitions

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procedural paradigm

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an approach to developing a solution where the program operates on data and is organised in self-contained blocks called procedures

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object-oriented programming

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an approach to developing a solution where the focus is on data rather than processes

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54 Terms

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procedural paradigm

an approach to developing a solution where the program operates on data and is organised in self-contained blocks called procedures

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object-oriented programming

an approach to developing a solution where the focus is on data rather than processes

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methods

the behaviours that an object can preform

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object

a self-contained element that contains the properties and methods needed to access and manipulate data values

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properties

contain code that facilitates reading and writing to the data within an object

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inheritance

enables the properties of one class to be copied to another so that the only differences between the classes need to be reprogrammed

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encapsulation

hides an objects data so that it can only be directly accessed by methods within the object

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software development environment

software that provides programmers with an integrated set of programming tools to build an application from coding through to testing

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syntax errors

an error in the code entered into the code editor e.g. misspelling

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machine code

instructions in binary format that can be executed directly by the computer

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source code

the original program code written by the programmer

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ASCII code

American Standard Code for Information Interchange used to represent characters in 7 or 8 bit

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7-bit ASCII code

uses 7-bits to represent each character

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8-bit ASCII code

known as the extended ASCII table, uses 8-bits to represent each character

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Unicode

a standard for encoding characters, which typically uses 16 bits

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hexadecimal

a numbering system that uses base 16

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one’s complement

can be used to represent a binary number, when using one’s complement , each bit is inverted

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two’s complement

a method of representing signed numbers in a computer

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overflow

occurs when the magnitude of the number is greater than the maximum number that can be represented by the computer

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decomposition

breaking complex problem down into smaller more manageable problems called sub-problems

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pattern recognition

identifying pattern trends in data

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abstraction

filtering out details about the problem that will not be required for the solution

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algorithm

a set of step-by-step instructions representing the solution to a problem

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flowchart

a graphical representation that includes special symbols and flow lines to represent the solution to a problem

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Pseudo-code

a set of English-like, language-independent instructions that uses keywords and control structures to represent the solution to a problem

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bubble sort

a simple sort method that repeatedly steps through a list of data items; adjacent elements are compared and swapped if they are in the wrong order

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insertion sort

a simple sorting algorithm that builds a sorted sub-list one item at a time; the sub-list becomes the new sorted list

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linear search

a simple search algorithm that compares every data item in a list to the target value

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binary search

a search algorithm that works on a sorted list of data items - the target value is located by finding the mid-point location in the list and comparing that value to the target value

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refining a solution

the process of reviewing the design for a solution and making necessary changes so that the design meets the user’s requirements efficiently and accurately

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Data requirements

the data that a program or system uses, including data input, information output and any values to be stored temporarily during processing

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user interface

any part of a system that the user can interact with; this includes data capture forms, menus and buttons

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Dry run

a paper-based exercise that allows the programmer to go through the solution step by step; the dry run will highlight any errors in the logic of the solution

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variable

a data value stored in memory that can change during program execution

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selection

where only some lines of code need to be run and only if a certain condition is met

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iteration

The use of loops and conditions to repeat sections of codes

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Data validation

carried out by a computer automatically when data is input; it ensures that data is reasonable, sensible and within acceptable limits

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Presence check

used to ensure that the user has entered data and has not left a value or field blank

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length check

used to ensure that the user has entered data that does not exceed or is not shorter than a particular number of characters

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Type check

Used to ensure that data entered is of the correct data type

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format check

used to ensure that data entered is in the correct format; this means that data must conform to a pattern

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Test case

a document that contains a set of tests to help the programmer verify that code works as expected

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White box testing

a method of testing which examines the underlying structure of the application or code which has been developed

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black box testing

where the tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application they are testing

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unit testing

testing one module or unit of code to ensure that it is working as expected

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Integration testing

when a number of units have been tested they are combined together to form a sub-system. Integration testing ensure that all of the units work together correctly

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System testing

carried out on a complete and fully integrated system to ensure correct outputs are produced in compliance with the user requirements

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Extreme data

used to test that the system can cope with very small or vary large data values

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valid data

used to test that the system operates as expected with normal data

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invalid data

used to test that the system can process invalid data and does not crash when invalid data is entered

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Null data

used to test that the system can cope when no data is entered

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user requrements

a document that details what the end user expects the system to do

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Robustness

a measure of the system’s ability to continue to run when high volumes of valid, exceptional or invalid data are entered

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function

a procedure written to carry out a specific task