The animal kingdom

Characteristics of a simple animal

Lacks mouth and organ systems, and body cavity

Characteristics of a complex animal

Have specialized organs, skeletal systems, and complex behaviour

Invertebrates

• Don't have a backbone

• More than 95% of all animal species

Vertebrates

• Animal with a backbone

Characteristics od an animal

1. Multicellular, no cell wall

2. Heterotrophic 

3. Sexual reproduction is common

4. Mobile (at least part of life cycle)

Specialization

Is the evolutionary adaptation of a cell for a particular function

Cell»tissue»organ»organ system»organism

Heteretrophy

Must obtain organic molecules from other sources, most animals ingest and digest food

Sexual reproduction

Most animals produce a zygote from 2 haploid gametes

Some animals reproduce asexually

Budding, regeneration, parthenogenesis, etc

Motility

Most animals move for at least part of their life cycle due to nervous and muscle tissues

Invertebrate phyla

• Porifera

• Cnidaria

• Platyhelminthes

• Nematoda

• Annelida

• Mollusca

• Arthropoda

• Echinoderm

Porifera

Sponges

Cnidaria

Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms like planarian, flukes, and tapeworms

Nematoda

Roundworms

Annelida

Segmented worm like earthworm, bristle worm, and leech

Mollusca

Snail, slug, clam, squid, octopus

Arthropod

The largest animal phyla “the real rulers of the earth”

Millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, insects

Echinoderm

Starfish, sea stars, sea urchins

Invertebrate chordata

• Lancelet

• Tunicates

Phylum chordata

Animals of this phylum are mostly vertebrates

5 vertebrate classes

• Fish (with 5 classes)

• Amphibia

• Reptilia

• Aves

• Mammalia (with 3 classes)

5 classes of fish

• Myxini

• Cephalaspidom

• Chondrichthyes 

• Actinopterygii

• Sarcopterygii

Amphibia

Amphibian means double life, adults live on land but their soft eggs must be laid in the water

Amphibians have moist skin that they breath through

Reptilia

• Water tight skin

• amniotic eggs

• Efficient respiration and excretion

Watertight skin

• Can live in dry areas (some are aquatic)

• Do not breath through skin (like amphibians)

Amniotic egg

• Layers of membrane with shell

• Can lay on dry ground

Efficient respiration and excretion

• Lungs, 3 kr 4 chambered heart

• Some can go their entire life without drinking (desert tortoise and lizard)

Aves

Birds, the only animals with feathers

3 types of feathers

• Downy

• Contour

• Flight

3 Classes of Mammalia

• Monotreme species

• Marsupial mammals

• Placental mammals

Monotremes

Is a class of mammal that are oviparous, they lay eggs

Marsupials

Is a class of mammal that are viviparous, birth and develop within a pouch on the mother’s body

Placental

Is a class of mammal also viviparous, but the fetus develops within the mother’s reproductive system and nourish through placenta

6 major characteristics of a mammal

1. Endothermy

2. Hair

3. Completely divided heart

4. Milk/mammary glands

5. Single jaw onr

6. Specialized teeth

Phylogenetic diagram of higher vertebrates

Cephalization

Means it has a head, the concentration of brain and sensory structure in anterior head common is bilaterally symmetrical animals

Types of body support

• Exoskeleton

• Endoskeleton

Exoskeleton

• Some invertebrates like arthropods

• Must be shed, does not grow

• Made of chitin

Endoskeleton

• All vertebrates

• Grows with the organism

• Made of cartilage and bone

Segmentation

It is a series of repeating units in the body

Lumbricus terrestris

The common earthworm

Kingdom - animalia

Phylum - annelida

Class - oligochaeta

Family - lumbricidae

Genus - lumbricus

Species - terrestris

Feeding/digestion of earthworms

Ingest soil as they burrow through it

Soil moves up through these structures

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Crop

• Gizzard

• Intestine

• Anus

Earthworms play an important role in soil condition

Closed circulatory system of earthworms

• Heart js 5 aortic arches

• Also have large dorsal blood vessel

• Pump blood through the vessels of the body

Respiration and excretion of earthworms

• Oxygen and CO2 diffuse through moist skin

• Cellular wastes and excess water are excreted through nephridia

Neural control of earthworms

Consists of a chain of ganglia connected by a ventral nerve cord

Reproduction of earthworms

Earthworms are hermaphrodites

• Meaning that each individual has both male and female reproductive organs

• An individual earthworm alone cant fertilize its own eggs

Process of reproduction of earthworms

• During mating, earthworms press their ventral surfaces together

• Held together by their setar and by a film of mucus secreted by each worms clitellum

• Fertilization occurs inside the tube, which forms a protective case for the young worms

The parts of the earthworm digestive tract

• mouth

• pharynx

• esophagus

• crop

• gizzard

• intestine

• anus

Frog (amphibian) system

• skin

• skeleton

• circulatory

• respiratory

• digestive

• excretory

• nervous

• reproduction

frog skin

no scales, slimy, moist, part of the respiratory system

skeleton of the frog

support body organs against gravity

circulatory of the frog

3 chambered heart, 2 circuit system

respiratory of the frog

• larvae (gills and skin)

• adult (lungs and skin)

digestive of the frog

large elastic esophagus and stomach for carnivorous frog swallowing the prey full

excretory of the frog

• adult - kidney

• ammonia is transformed to urea

Digestive system of the frog

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

• cloaca

Cloaca

where waste materials are stored and exited the body through vent