Immune System - A&P 2 Lecture

Your body’s immediate, general defense is:

Innate Immunity

What barrier physically prevents pathogens from entering?

Mechanical Barrier

What barrier kills or inhibits pathogens?

Chemical Barrier

What are types of Mechanical Barriers?

Skin

Mucus

Cilia

Tears

Urine

Couching/sneezing

What are types of Chemical Barriers?

Stomach Acid

Lysozyme in tears/saliva

Antimicrobial substances

What is a complement?

Proteins in the blood that help destroy pathogens

Proteins that are released by infected cells that help protect nearby cells from viruses are:

Interferons

What occurs when tissue is injured or infected?

Inflammation

Signs of inflammation are:

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

What are the inflammatory chemicals?

Histamine

Prostaglandins

Bradykinin

Cytokines

What’re the causes of Histamine?

Vasodilation

Increased blood vessel permeability

→ More blood and fluid will enter the tissue

What does Prostaglandins help cause?

Pain

Fever

Inflammation

What does Bradykinin help cause?

Pain

Vasodilation

Increased Permeability

Chemical messengers that allow immunes cells to communicate are called:

Cytokines

What recognizes common patterns associated with pathogens or damaged cells?

PRRs = Pattern Recognition Receptors

What is a type of PRR that helps detect pathogens?

TLRs = Toll-Like Receptors

What immune cell eats and destroys a pathogen or debris?

Phagocytosis

What is the sequence for Phagocytosis?

Recognize → engulf → phagosome → lysosome → digest

What are the important Innate Immune Cells?

Neutrophils

Macrophages

NK Cells = Natural Kill Cells

What cell are the rapid responders, arrive early during inflammation, phagocytize pathogens, and often die after fighting infection?

Neutrophils

What cell phagocytize pathogens and dead cells, clean up damaged tissue. and can present antigens to T cells?

Macrophages

What cell kills virus-infected cells, kills abnormal/cancerous cells, and DOES NOT require the same antigen-specific recognition as adaptive cytotoxic T cells?

NK Cells - Natural Killer Cells

Specific defense that develops after exposure to an antigen is:

Adaptive Immunity

Helper T Cells help activate:

B cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Other immune cells

Cytotoxic T cells directly kill:

Virus-infected cells

Abnormal cells

Regulatory T cells help:

Suppress/regulate the immune response so it deosn’t become excessive.

What T cells remain after an immune response?

Memory T Cells

What T cell helps activate your B cells, Cytotoxic cells, and other immune cells?

Helper T Cells

What T cells directly kill virus-infected cells and abnormal cells?

Cytotoxic T Cells

What T cell helps suppress/regulate the immune response so it doesn’t become excessive?

Regulatory T Cells

What are the types of B Cells?

Plasma Cells

Memory B Cells

B cells can differentiate into:

Plasma Cells

What cell of the B cells produces antibodies?

Plasma Cells

What B cell remains after the initial immune response?

Memory B Cells

What B cells has a faster antibody response?

Memory B Cells

What primarily protects against pathogens/toxins in body fluids?

Humoral Immunity

What Immunity has B cells + antibodies?

Humoral Immunity

What immunity targets infected or abnormal cells?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

What immunity has T cells?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

What is found on almost all nucleated cells, shows antigens to CD8 cytotoxic T cells, I→ 8?

MHC I

What is found on antigen-presented cells, shows antigens to CD4 helper T cells, II→ 4?

MHC II

What is the structure of a antibody?

It is shaped roughly like a Y

What has 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, and antigen-binding sites at the ends?

A Antibody

The antibody binds to a specific what?

Antigen

What’re the five antibody classes?

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgE

IgD

What antibody is the most abundant; long-term/systemic protection?

IgG

What antibody is mucous membranes and secretions?

IgA

What is the first antibody produced during primary response?

IgM

What antibody is allergies and parasites?

IgE

What antibody acts as B-cell receptors?

IgD

What’re the responses?

Primary and Secondary

What response’s exposure is slower, has a smaller/weaker response, and where memory cells are created?

Primary Response

What responses exposure to the same antigen faster, stronger, and has more antibodies?

Secondary Response

What immunity in your body makes the antibodies?

Active Immunity

What is the immunity where you receive antibodies made by someone/something else.

Passive Immunity

What are the types of Active Immunity?

Natural Active

Artificial Active

Get sick → Your body makes antibodies

Natural Active

Vaccine → Your body makes antibodies

Artificial Active

What are the types of Passive Immunity?

Natural Passive

Artificial Passive

Mother gives antibodies to her baby is:

Natural Passive

Receive pre-made antibodies

Artificial Passive

When the immune system perceives innocuous substances
as dangerous and response in an exaggerated or
inappropriate manner is:

Hypersensitivity

What are the types of hypersensitivities?

Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)

Type II (Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)

Type III (Immune-Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity)

Type IV (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)

Conditions in which the immune system is weakened or not functioning properly, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases are:

Immunodeficiencies

AIDS is a type of:

Immunodeficiency Disease

What disease is caused by HIV, transmitted by bodily secretions, and attacks your CD4 cells?

AIDS (Auto-immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Immune system loses ability to distinguish self from non- self antigens are:

Autoimmune diseases

What is the autoimmune disease where the Immune system mistakenly attacks its own
tissues, there is no cure, and signs of a butterfly-shaped rash on cheeks and nose?

Lupus

What hypersensitivity cell is for allergies and is associated with IgE?

Type I

What hypersensitivity cell is where antibodies attack cells and is associated with IgG and IgM?

Type II

What hypersensitivity cell is associated with inflammation because of immune complexes?

Type III

What hypersensitivity cell has delayed reaction and T-cell response?

Type IV