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Fossils
preserved remains of past life
Transitional Fossils
share traits w/ present day; similarities can be used to determine relatedness
Homologous Structures
kook different externally, however, actually link two species to a common ancestor. The same but different in shape, size, etc. These can be attributed to how the structure has adapted to suit unique environmental selection pressures and survival
Analogous Structures
similar in appearance are not a result of common ancestry. Similarities can be attributed to the organisms experiencing similar envornmental pressure so to aid survivala
Vestifial Structures
anatomical structures are present but no longer functional in modern-day organisms; functionaly in their ancestors ( shared ancestry )
Biogeography
studies where organisms live around the world, it shows that:
species in nearby regions are often closely related