Normality and Abnormality Revision Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts for the Normality and Abnormality exam.

Id

The part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires.

Superego

The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A hierarchical arrangement of needs, where basic needs must be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A type of therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders.

Stress

A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.

Stigma

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by excessive or unrealistic worry and fear.

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by disturbances in mood, such as depression or mania.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A psychological disorder characterized by exposure to a traumatic event, resulting in symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a mental disorder (biological, psychological, and social).

Protective Factors

Factors that decrease the likelihood of developing a mental disorder (biological, psychological, and social).

Systematic Desensitization

A type of therapy used to treat phobias, in which a person is gradually exposed to the feared object or situation while practicing relaxation techniques.

4P Model

A model that explains the development and maintenance of mental disorders in terms of predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors.

Free-association

A therapeutic technique used in psychoanalysis, where the patient speaks freely about whatever comes to mind.

Dream analysis

A therapeutic technique used in psychoanalysis to interpret the symbolic meaning of a patient's dreams.

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer of emotions and behaviors from past relationships onto the therapist.

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the patient's unconscious defense mechanisms that block the progress of therapy.

Self-efficacy

The belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Self-actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential, considered as a drive or need present in everyone.

Client-centered therapy

A therapeutic approach that emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard to help clients achieve self-awareness and acceptance.

Conditioning

Learning through association.

Counterconditioning

A type of therapy that involves unlearning or replacing unwanted behaviors with more desirable ones.

Aversion therapy

A type of therapy that involves pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.

Maladaptive thinking

Irrational or illogical patterns of thought that can lead to negative emotions and behaviors.

Cognitive distortions

Systematic errors in thinking that can distort reality and lead to negative emotions and behaviors.

Biopsychosocial Model

An approach to understanding health and illness that considers the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.