human populations APES

demography

study of human populations

birth rate

number of live births per 1000 people in one year

death rate

number of deaths per 1000 people in one year

annual population change

BR - DR/10

good news + bad news

rate has slowed down, but we are still growing rapidly

5 most populous countries

China, India, USA, Indonesia, Pakistan

doubling time

70/rate

replacement-level fertility (RLF)

number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

population momentum

even if RLF is achieved, a pop will continue to grow bc of people entering reproductive years

total fertility rate (TFR)

estimate number of children a woman will have

fertility rates in the U.S

a. TFR maxed out in Baby Boomer years (1946-1964)

b. TFR = 3.6 in 1957

c. generation X (baby bust) (1965-1964)

d. millennials (echo baby boomers) (1981-mid 1990s)

e. generation Z (1997-2012)

f. generation Alpha (2013-2025?)

factors affecting birth rates and fertility rates

1. education

2. affluence

3. children needed to work

4. urbanization

5. females in the workforce

6. cost of raising children

7. high IMR

8. age of marriage

9. retirement plan

10. abortion availability

11. religion

12. culture

increased life expectancy

how long can one expect to live

a. better nutrition

b. better medical care

c. sanitation

d. clean water

decreased infant mortality rate (IMR)

number of infants per 1000 live births that die before their first birthday

implications of an aging population

fewer young people are burdened with supporting a growing number of older people

con reducing births

a. freedom of choice

b. we need more people

pro reducing births

a. world already fails to meet everyone’s basic needs

b. tech can’t keep up

c. climate change

preindustrial

slow population grown due to high DR and IMR

transitional

rapid population growth due to high BR but lower DR due to better health care, food production

industrial

population growth slows down with increasing quality of food production, health care, and education

post industrial

population growth levels off and eventually declines as BR equal then fall below DR

what family planning leads to

a. lower TFR

b. fewer abortions

c. lower maternal/fetal deaths

three things that lead women to have fewer children/slow down population growth

• to educate

• employment

• protect/respect rights