Pre Socratics Test

Thales

- arguably the 1st philosopher

- arche was water because it can take many states of matter

Anaximander

- student of Thales

- arche was "the infinite"

everything is part of "the one" but also separate at the same time

Anaximenes

- student of Anaximander

- thought the arche was air and that the density of air determines everything

Philosophers in the Milesian School

Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes

Pythagoras

- a Greek who lived in Italy

- thought the arche was numbers

- started the Pythagorean School (math cult)

- created music theory

- invents the word "cosmos"

- first person to study ethics

- proposed the ideas of a round Earth and a heliocentric universe

beliefs of the Pythagorean School

- believed in reincarnation, but you could escape this through rituals

- you could purify your mind through doing math

- didn't like beans

who did Pythagoras kill and why did he kill him?

He killed Hippasus because he discovered irrational numbers.

How did Pythagoras die

He refused to walk through a bean field

Ephesian School

Founded by Heraclitus and his beliefs

How did Heraclitus die?

gets sicks from the grass and rubs manure all over him

Ephesian (heraclitus) beliefs

thought everything was made of fire and is constantly changing like fire, but at different rates. /Nothing is ever the same and we can not know anything.

Cratylus

a follower of Heraclitus that disagreed with him with there being a logos, but thought everything was chaotic and meaningless.

Xenophanes

- arche was earth

- monotheist

What qualities did Xeneophanes think God must have

- omnipotence

- omniscience

- omnipresent

- omnibenevolence

- immutable (unchangable)

- eternal (outside time)

- one

Parmenides

- student of xenophanes

- arche was being

- first to study being

- thought the universe was eternal

- thought everything exists everywhere, all the time, forever

- thought our senses were lying to us

Zeno

- follower of Parmenides

- thought of paradoxes of a runner having to cross an infinite amount of halfway points and a moving arrow being a collection of still arrows

- believed in monoism (everything is one)

Philosophers in the Eleatic School

Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno

Anaxagoras

- addressed Parmenides' problems regarding being

- thought everything contained a different amount of certain things

-

Empedocles

- thougth of the four elements (fire, water, earth, air)

- posed an early idea of evolution

- died by jumping into a volcano

Atomist School

founded by Democritus

Democritus

thought everything was made of Atoms and that they was a void

What was Determinism?

the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will

What is The Soul?

Democritus believed that the soul led to harmony

Who were the Sophists?

Socrates enemies who claimed to be wise and spoke rhetoric so well they got paid to teach lawyers.

What does Hedonism believe?

pleasure is the ultimate good and suffering is the ultimate evil

Who was Protagoras?

1st Sophist who could make "the Worse argument better", promoted subjectivism(only truth is how thing see/feel) which made anything true

Who was Gorgias?

a famous sophist of rhetoric (oratory)

Who was Callicles?

a famous sophist who serves as the owner of th house with the most extreme views in Plato's book "Gorgias"

Who was Socrates?

the most notable philosophy who believed in asking questions, claimed the divine call him and decided to realize he was wise after not thinking he was. (didn't write anything done)

How did Socrates die?

Socrates died by voluntarily drinking poisoned hemlock; was sentenced by the Athenian court for corrupting the youth.

What was the Socratic Method

asking questions instead of knowing everything

What was the Cynic School?

believed that virtue was achieved by following nature

Who was Diogenes?

the most famous Cynic who acted like a dog and stood up to Alexander the Great

What was the Cyrenaic School?

believed that physical pleasures were better than mental ones, but that you should have self-control and help others.

What was the Megarian School?

thought happiness was a kind of knowledge (if you simply knew "the Good" you would be happy)