APWH UNIT 2 REVIEW

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What is the primary emphasis of AP World History Unit 2 for the period 1200-1450?

The emphasis is on how various states were connected to one another through networks of exchange.

Why are trade routes from 1200-1450 referred to as 'networks of exchange' rather than just 'trading routes'?

Because merchants also carried and spread their religion, languages, and technology, facilitating cultural diffusion in addition to economic interaction.

What were the three major networks of exchange in the period 1200-1450?

The Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean Network, and the Trans-Saharan Trade Network.

What type of goods were predominantly traded along the Silk Roads?

Luxury goods, such as Chinese silk and porcelain.

Why did merchants on the Silk Roads specialize in luxury goods?

The journey was expensive and arduous, so it only made sense to carry high-value items that would sell for a premium.

What was an economic consequence in the Yangtze River delta due to the high demand for luxury goods?

Peasants scaled back on food production to produce more luxury goods like silk and porcelain for trade.

Caravanserai

A series of inns and guesthouses that sprang up along the Silk Roads, typically a day's journey apart, providing rest and safety for merchants.

Besides providing rest, what was a significant cultural function of the caravanserai?

They brought merchants from different cultures together, creating occasions for cultural and technological transfers.

What commercial innovation, first developed in China, replaced barter or heavy metal coins to facilitate easier trade?

The development of money economies using paper money.

The Chinese system that allowed a merchant to deposit paper money in one location and withdraw it in another was known as _____.

the flying money system

What financial institution developed in Europe, based on Chinese models, to handle commercial exchanges like bills of exchange?

Banking houses.

What is a bill of exchange?

A document stating the name of a merchant and the amount of money owed, which could be presented at a banking house for payment.

Which trading city on the Silk Roads was located at the convergence of two major routes and grew wealthy due to its lush river valley?

Kashgar.

Which other Central Asian city, like Kashgar, became a center for cultural exchange and trade on the Silk Roads?

Samarkand.

What crucial environmental knowledge made trade possible across the Indian Ocean?

A thorough understanding of the predictable, seasonal monsoon winds.

How did the cargo on the Indian Ocean Network generally differ from that on the Silk Roads?

Ships could carry more common goods in bulk, such as textiles and spices, in addition to luxury items.

Which navigational tool, improved during this period, helped merchants determine their direction at sea?

The magnetic compass.

Which navigational tool helped sailors reckon their latitude by measuring the position of stars?

The astrolabe.

What new type of ship design, like the Chinese junk, featured enormous cargo holds for transporting large quantities of goods?

The Chinese junk.

What triangular sail allowed ships to take wind in almost any direction, increasing maneuverability?

The lateen sail.

Which collection of independent city-states on Africa's east coast acted as brokers for goods from the interior like gold and ivory?

The Swahili city-states.

The adoption of what religion connected the Swahili city-states to the larger trading world of Dar al-Islam?

Islam.

Diaspora Community

A settlement of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland, such as Arab and Persian communities in East Africa.

The Swahili language emerged as a mixture of native Bantu languages and what other language?

Arabic.

Which Ming Dynasty admiral was sent on voyages throughout the Indian Ocean to enroll states in China's tributary system?

Zheng He (or Jung ha).

What was a major technological transfer that occurred as a result of Zheng He's voyages?

China's advanced maritime technology, including navigation tools and shipbuilding methods, was spread to other regions

Which capital city of a sultanate grew rich by controlling and taxing trade through the Strait of Malacca?

Malacca.

What was the key transportation technology innovation that led to the expansion of the Trans-Saharan Trade Network?

The new and improved camel saddle, which could carry much larger loads of cargo.

Which West African empire grew 'stupid rich' by taxing the trade of gold and salt across the Sahara?

The Empire of Mali.

Who was the ruler of Mali in the 14th century whose extravagant hajj to Mecca displayed the empire's immense wealth?

Mansa Musa.

What was the main cultural consequence of increasing connectivity along trade networks?

The transfer and diffusion of religions and belief systems.

Buddhism originated in South Asia and spread to China primarily via which network of exchange?

The Silk Roads.

The blending of Buddhism with Chinese Daoism resulted in a new form of Buddhism called _____.

Chan Buddhism

Syncretism

The blending of ideas or beliefs from different cultures, such as Buddhism combining with Daoism in China

Where did Islamic scholars translate Greek and Roman classics into Arabic, preserving and expanding upon them?

Baghdad's House of Wisdom.

The transfer of preserved Greek and Roman works from the Islamic world to Europe helped create the basis for what cultural awakening?

The Renaissance.

What significant military technology was invented in China and spread via networks of exchange to the Muslim world and Europe?

Gunpowder

Which Chinese city, located at the end of the Grand Canal, became increasingly wealthy and urbanized due to trade?

Hangzhou

Which capital of the Abbasid Caliphate was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258, leading to its decline?

Baghdad

Which Muslim scholar from Morocco traveled extensively throughout Dar al-Islam and wrote detailed accounts of his journeys?

Ibn Battuta

Which European traveler from Italy wrote about his experiences in the Chinese court of Kublai Khan?

Marco Polo

Who was the female Christian mystic who dictated her observations about pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, and Spain?

Margery Kemp

What new strain of rice was introduced to China from Vietnam, leading to a massive population boom?

Champa rice

Why did Champa rice lead to population growth in China?

It was drought-resistant and could be harvested more than once a season, producing significantly more food.

What crop was introduced from Southeast Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, expanding diets and allowing Bantu peoples to migrate to new regions?

Bananas

What was the most significant disease transferred along trade networks during this period, causing massive depopulation?

The Bubonic Plague (or Black Death).

How did the Bubonic Plague primarily spread from China to the Middle East and Europe?

It was carried by fleas on rats that traveled with merchants and their camels along the Silk Roads and on ships in the Indian Ocean.

What nomadic people created the largest contiguous land-based empire in history?

The Mongols

Who united the Mongol tribes in 1206 and assumed the title Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan)?

Temujin

What term describes the states ruled by a khan after the Mongol empire was divided among Chinggis Khan's grandsons?

Khanates

What was the name of the Chinese dynasty established by the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan?

The Yuan Dynasty

What was a primary reason for the Mongols' military success?

Their military organization, superior weaponry (bows), skill on horseback, and reputation for brutality.

The period of relative peace and stability across Eurasia under Mongol rule is known as the _____.

Pax Mongolica (the Peace of the Mongols)

How did the Mongols impact trade on the Silk Roads?

They provided safety and continuity along the entire length of the routes, causing trade to flourish significantly.

Although they were not traders themselves, how did the Mongols facilitate commerce?

They vigorously encouraged international trade, paid high prices for goods, and increased the safety of merchants.

What Mongol communication system, using relay stations, facilitated unprecedented cooperation across their empire?

The yam system.

From which conquered people did the Mongols adopt a script to create their own written language?

The Uyghurs, a Turkish Muslim group from Central Asia.

What was a significant intellectual consequence of the Mongol policy of relocating skilled artisans and intellectuals?

It encouraged the transfer of technology and ideas, such as Greek and Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe.

How did the collapse of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century affect trade?

Travel on the Silk Roads became less safe, leading to a greater emphasis on maritime trade in the Indian Ocean.

The expansion of which religion was a major cause for the growth of the Indian Ocean network, as its founder was a merchant?

Islam.