Realism

What is realism?

Realism is a theory of global politics that attempts to see the world as it is rather than how people hope it will be.

What is the central actor in realism?

The state is the most significant actor in global politics.

What is the most important concept in realism?

Power.

What does realism assume about human nature?

Human beings are selfish, competitive and motivated by their own interests and survival.

Why do realists focus on states rather than individuals?

States are run by humans, so realist assumptions about human nature influence state behaviour.

How does realism view non-state actors?

Non-state actors such as IGOs, NGOs and MNCs may attempt to exert power, but they are ultimately subjected to the will of powerful states.

What is external sovereignty?

The ability of a state to exercise authority independently in the international system without external interference.

How does power affect external sovereignty?

More powerful states have greater external sovereignty and therefore tend to play a more significant role in global politics.

What is the primary goal of a state according to realism?

To pursue its own needs and ultimately ensure its survival.

Why must states interact cautiously according to realism?

States can never know the true intentions of other states.

What forms can state power take?

Power can include military, economic and political capabilities, as well as newer forms such as cybersecurity.

How does realism view relationships between states?

States constantly compete because each state seeks to protect its own interests and security.

What is the balance of power?

The idea that stability can be maintained when power is distributed relatively evenly between states.

Why do some realists support a balance of power?

They believe that preventing one state from becoming overwhelmingly powerful provides the best chance of maintaining stability.

What is a multipolar world?

A world in which several powerful states maintain positions of power relative to one another.

What is a bipolar world?

A world dominated by two major powers.

What is an example of a bipolar world?

The Cold War, when the USA and Soviet Union were the two dominant powers.

What is a unipolar world?

A world in which one state dominates the international system.

What is an example of a unipolar world?

The USA's dominance in the post-Cold War international system.

Why does a unipolar system challenge the balance-of-power theory?

There is no balance because one state possesses significantly greater power than others.

Why might a unipolar system be considered unsustainable?

Other states may eventually challenge the dominant hegemon because there is no balance of power.

What is defensive realism?

The view that states seek to balance their power against a hegemonic state in order to maintain their own security.

How might weaker states respond to a hegemonic state?

They may join military or trade alliances to reduce the hegemon's relative power.

What is offensive realism?

The view that states seek to maximise their power and ultimately achieve hegemonic power.

Who is associated with offensive realism?

John Mearsheimer.

What is the key difference between defensive and offensive realism?

Defensive realists seek enough power to remain secure, whereas offensive realists argue that states seek to maximise power and achieve hegemony.