Water in seawater

Plankton

Creatures that cannot swim against the ocean current

Henry Cavendish

1760s discovered composition of water and synthesized by combusting H2

Hydrogen bonds

Forms between 2 adjacent water molecules

Forms ice molecules that floats

What is an example of a special ability hydrogen binds give water molecules

Adhesion

When water molecules stick to other things

Cohesion

When water molecules stick to each other

Surface tension

The ability to allow things to float on the surface (ex: bugs walking on water)

Volcanic eruptions, weathering or rocks, mid-ocean ridge

What are some compositions of seawater?

Chloride, sulfatre, sodium, magnesium

Most of the salt that made up the ocean is

Salinity and tempurature

Determines the density of water

Diffusion

The movement of chemicals from high concentrated to low ones

high to low

It will always move from...

Osmosis

Diffusion of solvent/water

dehydrated

Organisms have a rough time living in salty environments because they are always...

Cell membrane

Disrupts diffusion of most salts into the cell, water crosses freely

Specific heat capacity

Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 celsius

Water

Has a high specific heat capacity

Ocean

Has the ability to shore way more heat compared to the atmosphere and land (why the ocean is cooler than the beach in summer)

air nd rocks

..... have relatively low specific heat capacities

hidden heat

Latent heat also means...

heat

... absorbed/released during a change of phase at constant temperature and presurre

Latent heat

When we add/remove heat from an object and the temperature doesn't change

Latent heat of melting

Solid to liquid

Latent heat of freezing

Liquid to solid

Latent heat of vaporization and evaporation

Liquid to gas

Latent heat of condensation

Gas to liquid

contracted

Most materials expands when heated and .....when cooled

Pure water

... violates this rule (water reaches its max density at 4 C) while seawater follows it

Pressure

Increases with depth in the ocean

Air

Is a compressible while water isn't

marine life

The difference in pressure can really affect the....

Attenuated

Doesn't allow light to go through it

Euphotic zone

Part of the ocean that allows photosynthesis

Sunlight is limited the deeper you go

Dysphotic (twilight) zone

Blue

What color penetrates the deepest?

Red

What color penetrates the least?

Aphotic zone

Bathed in darkness

4 times

Sound travels ... faster in water than air

Temperature and pressure

What increases speed?

SOFAR channel

The best place in the ocean where long distance communication can occur

pH

-log[H+] is equal to

Buffer

Helps maintain a compound solution by keeping pH constant

alkaline

Seawater is slightly ...

depth

pH decreases with...

upwelling

... brings lower pH water to surface

affecting

Some of the carbon dioxide that was put in the atmosphere mixes with the ocean,.... with the pH level

7.1 to 7

As time goes on, scientists predicted that by 2050, the ocean water's pH would drop from 8.1 to about...

adapt

Some organims can...to the ocean's pH change but others can have a negative effect. Some can't live if there is a mall change in the pH