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Loose Construction
An interpretation of the Constitution that allows for broad and flexible interpretation of the necessary and proper clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, enabling an expansion of the national government
Elastic Clause
A clause in the Constitution that allows the national government to do whatever is necessary and proper for the smooth governing of the nation according to Hamilton
McCulloch v Maryland Supreme Court Case
A 1819 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall argued that Congress could create a national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause, establishing the doctrine of implied powers and asserting the supremacy of national laws over conflicting state laws
Implied Powers
Powers inferred from delegated powers, allowing Congress vast discretionary power to fulfill its Constitutional responsibilities, as established by the McCulloch ruling
Enumerated Powers
Powers specifically assigned to the jurisdiction of the national government, also known as delegated or inherent powers, explicitly stated or listed in the Constitution
Expulsion
The most severe form of discipline in Congress, requiring a two-thirds vote to remove a member
Censure
A formal reprimand of a member of Congress, happening very rarely
Habeas Corpus
The legal principle that a person has the right to be brought before a judge and informed of the charges against them
Post Facto Laws
Laws that make an act illegal after it has already been performed, which Congress is forbidden to create
Regressive tax
A tax that takes a larger percentage of income from low-income individuals than from high-income individuals
Budget authority
The amount certain agencies will be allowed to spend
Discretionary spending
Spending that can change, as opposed to mandatory spending for entitlements
Mandatory spending
Spending for entitlements to which working contributors are entitled, like social security for the elderly
Balanced Budget Act of 1997
Legislation that led to paying down the deficit and achieving a surplus
Elastic Clause
The 'necessary and proper clause' in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution
Speaker of the House
To preside over the entire House and lead the majority party
U.S Congress members
535, including 100 Senators and 435 House of Representatives members
Vice President in the Senate
To preside over the Senate and cast tie-breaking votes
Senators in the U.S Senate
100, with two from each state
Pro tempore
Translates to 'of the time' in Latin, signifying the temporary nature of the position of president pro tempore in the Senate
President's Principal Source of Political Influence
The authority to execute public policies
Congressional Record
The official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress
Pardons
The action of forgiving or being forgiven for an error or offense; the President's power to grant reprieves or pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment
President's Power to Negotiate Treaties
With the advice and consent of the Senate
Executive Orders
Official orders issued by the President to federal agencies, which carry the force of law if not overturned by the courts
Signing Statements
Statements issued by the President when signing a bill into law, indicating how the administration intends to interpret or enforce the law
Impeachment
The process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official, such as the President
Foreign Policy
A government's strategy in dealing with other nations, including setting goals, identifying actions, and making decisions
Treaties
Formal agreements between two or more countries, negotiated by the President and requiring approval by two-thirds of the Senate
Oval Office
The President's work space located in the White House
Appointments
The power of the President to nominate and appoint members of the Cabinet, federal judges, and other officials, subject to confirmation by the Senate
Removal of the President
On impeachment and conviction of specific offenses
Term Limit for President
Two terms of four years each
22nd Amendment
An amendment to the Constitution that limits the President to two terms
Executive Office of the President
The personnel that help the President discharge his powers and duties
Vice President's Original Selection
Person with the second most Electoral College votes
12th Amendment and Vice President's Role
Allowed the Vice President to serve as President of the Senate
25th Amendment and Presidential Inability
The Vice President's role in the event of presidential inability
Vice President's Unique Role in 25th Amendment Section Four
The ability to declare the President unable to serve
First Lady's Role
To refurbish and redecorate The White House
Hillary Clinton's Focus as First Lady
Healthcare reform
Bureaucracy's Main Purpose
To implement laws enacted by Congress
First Lady's Role
The role of the First Lady is not inscribed in the Constitution but involves advocating for their husbands, addressing specific issues, and having staff support
Bureaucracy
Not in the Constitution, it implements laws, exercises administrative discretion, and is created by Congress
Patronage
Jobs awarded based on political loyalty, exemplified by the spoils system
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1833
Made some government jobs off-limits to patronage, protecting civil service workers
Civil Service Exam
Required for most federal jobs today, emphasizing merit-based hiring
Hatch Act of 1939
Prevents civil servants from influencing elections or working on political campaigns
Privatization
Transferring functions from the government to the private sector
Deregulation
Aims to reduce government regulations and slow government growth
Devolution
Transferring functions from the Federal Government to the states
Independent Executive Agencies
Report directly to the President and have focused tasks
Department of Homeland Security
Created in 2002 after 9/11 to enhance national security
Iron Triangle
Relationship between Congress, interest groups, and the bureaucracy
Revolving Door
Former government employees becoming lobbyists for their agencies
Regulatory Agencies
Emerged in the late 1800s to control industrialization's benefits and costs
Government Corporations
Like AMTRAK, reinvest profits to perpetuate the corporation.