ES 547- pathomechanics of injury response and healing

what is the physical stress theory?

tissues react based on the stress they receive relative to normal

what are the 3 stages of general adaption syndrome?

1. alarm stage

2. resistance stage

3. exhaustion stage

do modalities speed healing?

-no

-they create an optimal environment for healing to occur

what are the 3 phases of healing?

1. inflammatory

2. fibroblastic- repair/ proliferation

3. maturation-remodeling

what kind of trauma is produced by an acute injury?

macrotrauma

-cell death occurs instantly (sprain, strain, fracture)

what can cause chronic injury?

stress fracture, tendinopathy, muscle soreness

-takes longer to heal

wolff's law applies to _______and davis's law applies to ________ _______

-bone

-soft tissue

what is the stretch-hypertrophy rule?

-intermittent stretch causes collagenous tissue hypertrophy

-increase in strength reduces elongation in tension to a minimum level

wolff's law of bone: new deposition of __________ in response to stresses

collagen

afferent nerves carry impulses ___________ the CNS and efferent nerves carry impulses ________ from the CNS

-towards

-away

afferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-alpha neurons (Ia)

-muscle spindle afferent

-12-20 um

-70-120 m/sec

afferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-alpha neurons (Ib)

-golgi tendon afferent

-12-20 um

-70-120 m/sec

afferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-beta neurons (II)

-touch/pressure; secondary muscle

-6-12 um

-30-70 m/sec

afferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-delta neurons (III)

-temperature, sharp pain

-1-6 um

-6-30 m/sec

afferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for C-fiber neurons (IV)

-temperature, dull pain

-<1.5 um

-0.5-2 m/sec

efferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-alpha neurons

-skeletal muscle efferent

-12-20 um

-70-120 m/sec

efferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-gamma neurons

-muscle spindle efferent

-2-10 um

-10-50 m/sec

efferent nerves: list the function, diameter, and conduction velocity for A-beta neurons

-muscle and muscle spindle efferent

-8-12 um

-30-50 m/sec

dendrites transmit impulses ________ the nerve body and axons transmit impulses ______ from the nerve body

-towards

-away

what is substance P? why don't you want it in the healing area?

-neurotransmitter in pain transmitting nerve fibers

-transmits noxious impulses amd produces inflammation like responses to local tissues

what is ground substance? what is it produced by?

-gel like substance that surrounds extracellular space

-produced by fibroblasts and collagen fibers

why could fascia cause pain?

swelling goes into the ground surface and infiltrates

primary injury is associated with _____________________ directly resulting from trauma

tissue destruction

secondary injury is _____________ caused by a blockage of oxygen supply to the area

-cell death

*also could be enzymatic damage or mitochondrial failure

what causes pain in the injury process?

hemorrhage and edema causes fluid pressure to build and causes chemical irritation of nerve receptors in area

how long does the inflammation phase last? histamine released from traumatized cells causes what?

-0-3/4 days

-increased cell permeability

-swelling results as proteins follow water out into the tissues

what swells faster? fractures or sprains?

fractures

list the phases of the vascular response and clot formation

0-5 min: vascular spasm

5-10 min: vasodilation onset

10-30 min: edema formation

12-48 hours: clot formation

24-36 hours: hemorrhage arrest

2-4 days: end of acute phase

who heals quicker?

elite athletes

what are the chemical mediators during the acute inflammatory response?

-histamine

-leukotrienes and prostaglandins

-cytokines

swelling is directly related to the extent of _______________

vessel damage

what are the macroscopic characteristics of inflammation

-swelling

-tenderness

-redness

-increases temperature

-muscle guarding (not every single time, but most likely)