Chapter 1 - Life Begins with Cells Pt.1

Viral infections

________ can be devastatingly destructive causing cells to break open and tissues to fall apart.

Elaborate cellular pathways

________ ensure that proteins are transported to their proper intracellular (intra, within) locations or secreted.

polysaccharide

A typical ________ is a linear or branched chain of repeating identical sugar units.

Unicellular eukaryotes

________ are critical for marine ecosystems, consume large quantities of phytoplankton, harbor photosynthetic algae, use sunlight to produce biologically useful energy forms and small fuel molecules.

Karl von Baer

In 1827, ________ discovered that mammals grow from eggs that come from the mothers ovary.

Oxygen

________ kills some cells but is an absolute requirement for others.

Viruses

________ are not considered alive because they can't grow nor reproduce on their own.

Bacteria

________ account for an estimated 1- 1.5 kg of the average humans weight.

chain of amino acids

Once a(n) ________ are formed, it folds into a complex shape, conferring a distinctive three- dimensional structure and function on each protein.

cytoplasm

The ________ is the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus comprising the cytosol (aqueous phase) and the organelles.

Fertilization

________ of an egg by a sperm cell yields a zygote a visually unimpressive cell 200 μm in diameter.

Bacteria

________ and archaebacteria are the most abundant single-celled organisms.

Cells

________ string together 20 different amino acids in a linear chain to form a protein.

Yeasts

________ and molds (collectively constitute the fungi) are important for breaking down plant and animal remains for reuse.

adult stem

Of greater scientific and medical interest is the ability to generate specific cell types starting from embryonic or ________ cells.

Peaceful mutualism of humans

________ and bacteria can be violated by one or both.

morphology

They inhabit mammals and mosquitoes changing their ________ and behavior in response to signals in each of their environments.

Sexual life cycles

________ allow more rapid changes in the genetic inheritance that would be possible without having sex viruses Are the Ultimate Parasites.

E coli

________ is a common gut bacterium and a great experimental organism.

structural components

Proteins can serve as ________ of a cell, (by forming an internal skeleton)

Protozoa

________ benefit the food chain, they fertilize the soil, control the population of bacteria and excrete nitrogenous and phosphate compounds, and in waste treatment systems (natural and man- made)

Identical twins

________ occur naturally when the mass of cells composing an early embryo divides into two parts, each of which develops and grows into an individual animal.

Plants

________ and a few other organisms can harvest energy from sunlight to form ATP in photosynthesis.

hepatitis

Viruses cause diseases; chickenpox, influenza, pneumonia (some types, polio, measles, rabies, ________, the common cold)

aid of neurotransmitters

The movements needed to fight or flee are triggered by nerve impulses that flow from the brain to our muscles with the ________.

linear code

Some polysaccharides exhibit the greater informational complexity associated with a(n) ________ made up of different units assembled in a particular order.

ATP

They can be motors that move other molecules around, burning chemical energy (________) to do so.

Carbon stored

________ in bacteria is nearly as much as the carbon stored in plants.

DNA double helix

Each ________ has a simple construction: wherever there is an A in one strand there is a T in the other, and each C is matched with a G.

mammalian embryos

The ability to make and manipulate ________ in the laboratory has led to new medical opportunities as well as various social and ethical concerns.

essential amino acids

The ________, from a dietary standpoint, are the eight that we can not synthesize and must obtain from food.

genetic information

The ________ carried by DNA resides in its sequence, the linear order of nucleotides along a strand.

Vitro fertilization

________ allows many otherwise infertile couples to have children.

amino acids

Proteins commonly range in length from 100 to 1000 ________, but some are much shorter and others longer.

Intestinal cells

________ form appropriate shapes providing a niche where the bacteria can live.

ability of viruses

The ________ to transport genetic material into cells and tissues represents a medical menace and a medical opportunity.

Viral infections

________ in plants have a major economic impact on crop production.

Humans

________ and other multicellular organisms have tons of cells that are organized into complex structures, but many consist of single cells.

amino acids

We obtain ________ either by synthesizing them from other molecules or by breaking down the proteins that we eat.

Bacteria

________ is an example, cyanobacteria or blue- green algae can be unicellular or filamentous chains of cells.

Cells

________ come in different varieties of shapes and sizes.

cells

The ________ must be properly arranged and organized into tissues, organs, and appendages.