world history review

mandate of heaven

Chinese political doctrine that legitimizes the rule of the emperor, asserting that a ruler's authority is granted by Heaven based on their virtue and ability to govern justly, Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046-256 BCE)

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, strategically located between Europe and Asia, known for its rich history, architecture like the Hagia Sophia, and its pivotal role in trade and cultural exchange.

Main trade items between Africa and the middle east

include gold, spices, silk, and textiles.

Kingdoms in the Sudanic grasslands

such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, were significant for their wealth derived from trans-Saharan trade, particularly in gold and salt.

Ethiopia

a historical kingdom in the Horn of Africa known for its early adoption of Christianity and its rich cultural heritage.

Bedouin culture

refers to the traditional lifestyle of nomadic Arab tribes in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, characterized by herding, trade, and a strong oral storytelling tradition.

caliph

a spiritual leader in Islam regarded as a successor to the Prophet Muhammad, responsible for upholding Islamic law and governance.

jihad

a term in Islam that refers to the struggle or effort exerted in the path of God, which can encompass both spiritual and physical dimensions, including the defense of the faith.

mosque

a place of worship for Muslims, where they gather for prayer, community activities, and religious education.

minaret

tower associated with a mosque from which the call to prayer is announced

muezzin

a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

characteristics of the economy during the Abbasid dynasty

trade, financial institutions, infrastructure institutions, cultural exchange, economic policies

Abbasids influence on knowledge

They established a culture of learning and scholarship, which was instrumental in the preservation and advancement of knowledge from various ancient civilizations

Sufis

a member of any of various spiritual orders within Islam characterized by asceticism and mysticism, and an emphasis on direct personal experience of God

justinian and theodora

roman empress and wife of emperor

achievements of the byzantine empire

Preservation of Ancient Knowledge, justianians code of law, distinct art and architecture, military innovations, spread of christianity

manorialism and feudalism

political and military system where land is exchanged for service and loyalty, primarily involving the relationship between lords and vassals, economic system that focuses on the organization of rural estates, where the lord's manor served as the basic unit of agricultural production and local governance

monasticism in medieval europe

played a crucial role in shaping religious, cultural, and social life, with various orders emerging to promote spiritual growth and community living

aztec agricultural innovations and capital city

known for its advanced agricultural techniques, particularly the chinampa system, was centered in the capital city of Tenochtitlan

neo-confucianism

philosophical and ethical movement that emerged during the Song Dynasty, synthesizing Confucian thought with elements of Buddhism and Daoism, significantly influencing East Asian culture and governance

gempel wars

pivotal conflict in Japanese history, marking the transition from the Imperial Court to the samurai and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate

Taira and Minamoto

involved in the Genpei War (1180-1185), a civil conflict that resulted in the downfall of the Taira clan and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo.

sinification in vietnam/korea

Assimilation of Chinese culture into their societies

charectaristcis of the mongol culture

characterized by its nomadic lifestyle, hospitality, national holidays, and artistic traditions

targets of mongol domination

vast regions across Eurasia, including parts of modern-day China, Russia, Persia, and Eastern Europe, creating the largest contiguous empire in history

renaissance and humanism

focuses on art and humans, changed european culture

impact of the protestant reformation

split christianity, challenged catholic church, weakend church authority

mercantilism

wealth=gold, colonies serve mother countries, encouraged imperialism

growth of merchant class

rising middle class, trade increase wealth, challenged nobility

Sociedad de las Castas

colonial racial hierarchy, based on ancestors, controlled colonial society