UMT Final Exam Study Guide

Anticonvulsants

a type of drug that is used to prevent or treat seizures or convulsions by controlling abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Antibiotics

a substance used to kill bacteria

Anticoagulants

a substance that is used to prevent and treat blood clots in blood vessels and the heart

Anesthetics

a drug or substance that causes a loss of feeling or awareness

Anemia

a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells

Heparin

a substance that slows the formation of blood clots

Ischemia

a less than normal amount of blood flow to part of your body

Supine

a position in which the patient is lying on their back with their face and torso facing up

Prone

a position with the front surface of the body facing down

Lateral

to the side of, or away from the middle of the body

Abduct

the motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body

Adduct

the motion of a limb or appendage towards the midline of the body

Fowlers

a standard patient position in which the patient is seated in a semi-sitting position and may have their knees bent or straight

Leukemia

a cancer of white blood cells; hindering the body's ability to fight infection

Leukocytosis

high white blood cell count

Thrombocyte

a platelet cell; help form blood clots to stop or slow bleeding and to help wounds heal

Leukocyte

white blood cell; made in the bone marrow

Thrombocytosis

a disorder in which your body produces too many platelets

Hematoma

a pool of blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body cavity

Hypoglycemia

low blood glucose levels

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose levels

Intercostal

situated between the ribs

Apnea

without breath; no breathing while asleep

Dyspnea

difficulty or painful breathing

Prodrome

early signs or symptoms of an illness or health problem that appears before the major signs or symptoms start

Prognosis

prediction of the likelihood or expected development of a disease

Mastication

chewing

Regurgitation

the action of bringing swallowed food back up again to the mouth

Peristalsis

involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward

Buccal

relating to, near, or involving the cheek

Lingual

relating to the tongue

Sphincter

a ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body

Dysphagia

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing

Fibroids

noncancerous growths in the uterus that can develop during a woman's childbearing years

Endometriosis

when a tissue similar to the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside the uterus in places it doesn't belong

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

an infection of the female reproductive organs

Ovarian cysts

a solid or fluid-filled sac or pocket within or on the surface of an ovary

Fibrocystic Disease

noncancerous changes that give a breast a lumpy or rope-like texture

Lactation

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands

Ovulation

a phase in a female menstrual cycle that involves the release of an egg from one of the ovaries

Parturition

the action of giving birth

Gestation

the period of development during the carrying of an embryo

Urethra

tube that goes from the bladder to the outside of the body

Vas Deferens

a coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes

Prostate

a gland in the male reproductive system; surrounds part of the urethra and produces a fluid that forms part of the semen

Myelin

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that gives the feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation

Acetylcholine

a neurotransmitter that carries messages from your brain into your body through nerve cells; regulates cardiac contractions and blood pressure

Medulla Oblongata

bottom-most part of the brain; helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

Cerebellum

the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem; coordinates movement and balance

Pituitary

the master gland of the endocrine system; controls the functions of many endocrine glands; located at the base of the brain

Pons

part of your brainstem; essential for sending information to the body

Anesthesia

state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes

Paresthesia

tingling or prickling, "pins-and-needles" sensation

Analgesia

a drug used for pain management

Syncope

fainting, or a sudden temporary loss of conciousness

Menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation

Menopause

the ceasing of menstruation

Atria

a chamber of the heart, located at the top of the heart, that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles

Ventricles

lower, muscular chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system

Pericardium

thin, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

Endocardium

the innermost layer of the heart's walls; acts as a barrier between cardiac muscles and the bloodstream

Myocardium

the thick middle layer of the heart

Systole

phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts

Diastole

phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes

Tachycardia

increased heart beat

Apex

tip of the heart

Septum (of the heart)

the triangular wall of cardiac tissue that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart

Cyanosis

when your skin, lips, or nails turn blue due to a lack of oxygen in your blood

Jaundice

a yellow discoloration of the body tissue resulting from the accumulation of excess bilirubin

Pleura

a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity

Bronchi

the large air passage that lead from the trachea to the lungs

Mediastinum

middle compartment within your thoracic cavity, nestled between the lungs; holds the heart

Diaphragm

the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen; helps with breathing

Atelectasis

failure of the lung to expand completely

Pneumothorax

an abnormal collection of air in the space between the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and the rest of the cavity

Asthma

a chronic disease in which the bronchial airways in the lungs become narrowed and swollen, making it difficult to breathe

Edema

swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues

Petechiae

pinpoint, round spots on the skin caused by bleeding

Ecchymosis

a small bruise caused by blood leaking from broken blood vessels into the tissues of the skin or mucous membranes

Pruritus

the feeling of itching

Phalanges

the bones of the fingers and toes

Tarsals

ankle bones

Epiphysis

the enlarged wide end of a long bone that articulates with other bones at joints

Diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

Styloid Process

a slender bony projection from the base of the temporal bone

Xiphoid Process

the smallest and lowest division of the sternum; triangular in shape

Bursitis

Inflammation of bursa, the fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction between tissues of the body

Gouty Arthritis

A type of arthritis caused by uric acid building up in the blood and causes inflammation of the joints

Multiple Myeloma

a cancer of plasma cells

Immunoglobulins

a protein that is made by B cells and plasma cells that helps the body fight infection

Erythrocytes

red blood cell; it is made in bone marrow and found in blood

Eosinophils

a type of immune cell that has granules with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma

Stem Cells

human cells that develop into many different cell types

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

Plasma

the clear, yellowish, fluid part of blood that carries blood cells

Keratin

a type of protein found on epithelial cells; it helps form tissues of the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin

Melanin

a pigment that gives the skin its color and eyes; helps protect from damage by ultraviolet light

Retina

the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball

Cornea

the transparent part of the eye that covers the front portion of the eye