Chapter 4 Body systems and Conditions

Homeostasis

body systems are balanced and are working at their best.

Metabolism

a physical or chemical process, working at a steady level when in homeostasis.

anterior or ventral

front of the body

posterior or dorsal

back of body

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to the torso ( trunk of the body)

Distal

away from the torso

tell me the body parts of the integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

What does the integumentary system do?

-Prevents injury to internal organs, protects the body against entry to bacteria, and prevents the loss of too much water, which is essential to life.

what happens to the body system as people age? (integumentary system)

-Skin becomes drier, thinner, and more fragile, can be easily damaged

-Less elastic,

• Hair thins and can turn grey

• -wrinkles an brown spots

-protective fatty tissue is lost so they can feel colder

-lack of oil from the sebaceous glad can lead to dry and itchy skin

-nails are harder and more brittle.

Two common disorders of the integumentary system

Pressure injuries and eczema and acne

What's the difference between dilate and constrict?

When blood Vessels dilate they widen when the temperature is too high outside. When the blood vessels constrict or narrow the outside temperature is too cold.

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

Dermis

middle layer of skin

subcutaneous layer

innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue

Sweat gland

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

hair shaft

The portion of hair that projects above the epidermis

hair follicle

The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root.

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis

Residents skin should be observed for these changes regarding their skin

pale, White, reddened or purple areas,blisters,Complaints of tingling, warmth or burning,-itchy, dry or flaky skin,Swelling, Rash

musculoskeletal system

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement

What does the musculoskeletal system do?

Skeleton supports and protects the body, forms blood cells, and stores minerals. Muscles produce movement.

What is the make up of the musculoskeletal system?

muscles, Skelton, ligaments, tendons and cartilage

How many bones are in the human body?

206 bones

What happens to the musculoskeletal system as the body ages?

Muscles weaken and lose tone, body movement slows down and loses bone density and become brittle, stiff painful joints, height can be lost.

Two common disorders of the musculoskeletal system?

rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities, can happen at any age.

osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint, a degenerative joint disease, affects the elderly

osteoprosis

A condition in which the body's bones become brittle, porous and break easily.

Atrophy

When muscles waste away, become weak and decrease in size.

contracture

The lack of joint mobility caused by abnormal shortening of a muscle

How do you assist someone getting dressed when they have an affected and strong side?

You should first help dress the resident on their affected side and then dress them on their strong side.

What is an autoimmune disease?

A disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy cells.

Partial weight bearing (PWB)

the ability to support some weight on one or both legs.

Non-weight bearing (NWB)

the inability to support any weight on one or both legs.

full weight-bearing (FWB)

able to bear 100% of the body weight on one or both legs on a step.

menopause

The end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.

What are sequential compression devices used for?

When someone has a knee replacement they use this sleeve like machine to inflate and deflate the knee like a muscle would help aiding in circulation.

What does the nervous system do?

controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Normal changes of aging in terms of the nervous system?

• Responses and reflexes slow

-Sensitivity of nerve endings in skin decrease

-Short-term memory loss may occur

-Long term memory or memory from past events, remain sharp

List two common disorders of the nervous system?

Dementia and Alzheimer's

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Compare affected side vs strong side when transferring to W/C

When helping with transfers or walking always use a transfer belt for safety. Stand and support the weaker side and lead with the strong side.

Paraplegia and Quadriplegia

paralysis

para -

below hips

quad -

all four limbs

Gait

manner of walking

muliple sclerosis (MS)

A progressive disease that affects the nervous system, The Myelin sheath that covers the nerves, spinal cord and white matter of the brain breaks down over time. This leads to nerves being unable to send messages to the brain in a normal way. Symptoms include, blurred vision, trouble walking, poor balance and incontinence

What are the major body sense organs?

eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin

Expressive aphasia

trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

Receptive Aphsia

difficulty understanding spoken or written words

Stroke (CVA) cerebrovascular accident

When blood supply cannot go to the brain because of a blood vessel blockage or rupture /leak within the brain

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body

emotional lability

uncontrollable episodes of crying and/or laughing w/o a cause

Vision impairment risk population

People over the age of 40 are at risk for developing certain serious vision problems such as cataracts.(lens of the eye becomes cloudy and prevents light from entering) glaucoma (pressure in the eye increases leading to damage to the retina and optic nerve) and blindness

What does the circulatory system do?

supplies food, oxygen, and hormones

Three disorders of the circulatory system?

Hypertension/High BP, Coronary Artery Disease, Congestive Heart Failure

Hypertension Symptoms

When your BP is constantly 130/80 you can have symptoms of Headaches, blurred vision, dizziness.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart, when this happens angina happens where you could feel pressure and pain in your chest, up your left arm to your neck and up to your left side of your jaw.

congestive heart failure (CHF)

the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs(when the left side of the heart is affected) when there is blood in the abdomen, legs and feet the right side if the heart is affected.

What does the respiratory system do?

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Inspiration

breathing in (inhalation)

Expiration

breathing out

What happens to the body system as people age? (Respiratory system)

-lung strength decreases

-Lung capacity decreases

-oxygen in the blood decreases

-voice weakens

What is the normal range for respirations?

12-20 breaths per minute

What the two most common disorders of the respiratory system?

COPD: bronchitis, and emphysema

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe. Symptoms: Chronic Coughs or wheeze, Trouble breathing, especially with inhaling and exhaling, confusion, trouble completing meals due to shortness of breath

What are the respiratory system body parts

Pharynx Trachea Larynx bronchus Lungs Bronchioles

What does the urinary system do?

The urinary system eliminates waste products created by the cells and also maintains the water balance in the body.

urinary incontinence

Can occur in residence that are confined to a bed , ill, elderly, paralyzed, or have circulatory or nervous system diseases or injuries.

Normal changes of aging concerning the urinary system?

The ability for the kidneys to filter blood decreases, -bladder muscle tone weakens-The bladder holds less urine, which causes more frequent urination.
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the bladder may not empty completely causing a greater risk of infection.

body parts of the Urinary System

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, meatus

enema

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

Two common disorders of the urinary system?

UTI and kidney stones

What does the gastrointestinal System do?

digestion, absorption and elimination

Digestion

Breaking down food

Absorption

transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells

Elimination

Act of removal of materials from the body

Body parts of the gastrointestinal system

mouth, tongue, salivary glands, Stomach, liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Appendix, Rectum, Anal canal, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Esophagus, Pharynx (throat)

Normal changes in the body when you age concerning your gastrointestinal system>

decreased, saliva production, Dulled sense of taste Absorption of vitamins and minerals decreases The process of digestion takes longer and is less efficient frequent constipation because of body waste moves slower.

Fecal incontinence

Inability to control bowel movements. preventing it requires a high fire diet, plenty of fluids and an increase activity level.

ostomy

surgically create an opening

Stoma

the intestine is brought outside of the body to eliminate waste this opening in the abdomen is called stoma.

Two common disorders of the gastrointestinal system?

Gerd and Hemorrhoids

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease, were liquid contents of the stomach are backed up into the esophagus

hemorrhoids

Swollen, painful rectal veins; often a result of constipation

endocrine system function

controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis through hormone secretion, regulate reproduction

Glands

Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many of our bodily functions

Hormones

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

Normal changes when you age concerning the endocrine system

-Levels of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone decreases

-insulin production lessens

-The body is less able to handle stress

Body parts of endocrine system

Pituitary, parathyroids, thyroid, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovaries, testes

What are the different types of diabetes?

Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, and pre diabetes