SLP 102 QUIZ 2

Speech Production

The motor ability (muscles, movement) to produce speech sounds

The subsystems of speech prodcution

respiration, phonation, and articulation

Respiration

Breathing; The power source of speech production

If someone does not have adequate ___________ they won’t have sound

respiration

Phonation

The process of setting the vocal folds into vibration to produce sound

Which subsystem of speech production does voicing relate to?

Phonation

All ______ in English are voiced

vowels

Abducted vocal folds

Apart when breathing and voiceless sounds.

Adducted vocal folds

Together in wave motion for voiced sounds.

What does phonation require to speak?

The larynx (voice box) because we drive air through our voice box to make sound

Articulation

The ability to physically move the tongue, lips, teeth and jaw to produce sequences of speech sounds

Which subsystem of speech production does place relate to?

Articulation

Consonants

Described by place, manner, and voicing

Occlusives

Air flow is stopped to produce the sound

Continuants

Continuous air flow

Stops / Plosives

Made by momentarily ceasing the air stream in the speech tract completely

Example of stops/plosvies

g, d, b, k, t, p

Affricates

Made by rapidly combining a stop and a fricative

Fricatives

Constriction of the airstream

Glides

Articulators must move from one point of contact to another

Liquids

Slight closure of the mouth resulting in vowel-like consonants

Most difficult sound for children to make…

Liquids

Nasals

Activates nasal resonance chambers

Bilabial

lips

Labiodental

lips and teeth

Alveolar

tongue touching ridge behind teeth

Palatal

tongue touching hard palate

Velar

tongue touching soft palate

Glottal

glottis

Voiced sounds

With vibrating vocal cords

Voiceless sounds (unvoiced)

Without vibrating vocal cords

Vowels

the “center” of a a syllable; every syllable needs it

Height (vowel)

how high is the tongue in the mouth?

Backness (vowel)

how far back is the tongue constricted?

Rounding (vowel)

what is the shape of the lips?

Tenseness (vowel)

how tense are the muscles in the speech mechanism?

Phonology

the domain of language

Phoneme

smallest unit of sounds that differentiate the meaning of words

Allophone

one of two or more variants of the same phoneme that don’t differentiate the meaning of words

Phonological process

How children simplify words

Minimal Pairs

When two words differentiate by one sound

Lexical-semantics

the study of word meanings and the relationships between words

Lexicon

vocabulary

Semantics

the study of meaning in a language

Prelinguistic development (e.g., gesture, intentionality)

a child is learning to control and string together sounds

Phonological development

how children learn the sound system of their language

Undergeneralization/underextension

When a child doesn’t generalize appropriately because of a restrictive schema

Overgeneralization/overextension

Having too generous of a schema

Phonetically Consistent Form (PCF)

Using a certain string of speech sounds to refer to the same thing consistently over time

What are PCF’s

Children’s first expressive “words”

When do PCF’s typically emerge?

Around 9-12 months

Compare speech production and phonology

Both are related to speech sound production

Subjective child observation

Influenced by biases and opinions (bad)

Objective child observation

Based on what is seen, heard, tasted, touched, and smelled (the facts, good)

List the voicing, place, and manner of /t/

Voiceless alveolar plosive

Syllable omission

Syllables deleted

What is the IPA symbol for the voiced bilabial stop

/b/

Jimmy exhibits cluster reduction, how might he produce the word “spring” (remove one consonant)

ring

Cluster reduction

Consonant clusters reduced to single consonants

A child says “nana” for the target word “banana,” what phonological process is this an example of?

Syllable deletion

Final consonant deletion

Omit final consonants

A child says “boo” for the target word “boot,” what phonological process is this an example of?

Final consonant deletion

Stopping (A stop/plosive substituted for a fricative)

"fan" becomes "pan"

What is a first receptive word?

Begining to understand what words mean

When does a first receptive word happen?

Around 9 months

Why is the first receptive word important?

Shows their language skills devolping

What is a first expressive word?

The first labels for people, objects, or actions that are familiar

When does a first expressive word happen?

Around 12 months

Why is the first expressive word important?

Allows kids to express their wants and needs

What is the 50 word expressive vocabulary?

Uses and understands at least 50 different words for objects, people

When does the 50 word expressive vocabulary happen?

By 18-24 months

Why is the 50 word expressive vocabulary important?

It's when children start to put words together

Why do we transcribe speech phonetically (i.e., with IPA symbols) vs. orthographically (i.e., with letters)?

IPA is more helpful in representing the sounds more accurately

The role of input/frequency in lexical-semantic development

Influences how likely a child is to acquire a word

Fast mapping

Integrating the word and the referent in the moment

Slow mapping

The process that children gradually learn a word through multiple experiences

Whole object assumption

Words refer to whole objects rather than a part or property of the object

Mutual exclusivity assumption

Different words refer to different kinds of things

Joint attention

Simultaneously attend to two things at once

Tracking co-occurrence probabilities

Noticing over multiple times which words and referents) tend to go together

Novel name nameless category (N3C)

New words refer to new things

Stress and Rhythm

Helps children hear syllables that are stressed or weak

Transition probabilities

Determine how likely it is that certain syllables follow other syllables

How children might overcome lexical-semantics challenges

Learn to identify items, understand their meanings, and learn how the forms connect to the meanings

What makes a word harder to learn

Abstract, multiple meanings, less concrete, hard to visualize

Is “m” or “sh” is more likely to be acquired first?

“m” because it is anterior

Word/form

The sounds we say together to convey a word

Referent/meaning

The entity or idea the word refers to

What sorts of challenges do children encounter as they develop different domains of language?

Understanding receptive language, expressive language, articulation, and syntax

Speech stream segmentation

Dividing speech into segments

Quine’s conundrum

How do we make meaning of a word we don’t know