Segregation
division of races
Greensboro
sit
Cruel and unusual punishment
8th amendment
Double jeopardy
you cannot be tried for the same crime twice. Ex: Two murder charges in the same case
Civil Rights Movement
Exclusionary rule
any illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court
Fundamental Rights
“no man should be deprived of his rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Discrimination
prejudice against a group of people based on race, beliefs or religion
Self
incrimination (5th Amendment)
Jim Crow Laws
state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African
Defendant
one whom the suit is against
Appellate jurisdiction
the power to reverse or modify the lower court's decision.
Natural law
a system of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law.
Brief
a written argument submitted to the court.
Prosecution
brings the case (gov)
Jurisdiction
rights of the court to hear the case
Defendant
charged with a crime
Concurrent jurisdiction
authority for both state and federal courts to hear and decide cases
Plaintiff
one bringing the suit
Lobby
trying to get whatever you want done ( idk that's what ms setzer said)
List and define the six principles of government
Popular Sovereignty - ruled by the people
Federalism - Separation of government between the national and state governments
Limited Government - The government is limited by the constitution
Separation of Powers - Each branch of government has its own set of abilities
Checks and Balances - Each branch of government has checks and balances it can perform on the others
Judicial Review - Supreme Court can interpret the constitution
List the 3 branches of government, the article where it can be found, and its function
Legislative Branch - 1st Article
Executive Branch - 2nd Article
Judicial branch - 3rd Article
List the 4 principles of the legal system and define each
Equal Justice under the Law - All people are treated equally under law. Grants all Americans the 5th-8th amendments
Due Process under the Law - The law applied in a fair and equal manner to all people. The process you are due before rights are taken away
Adversary system - There must be opposing sides to present their case
Presumption of Innocence - One is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Not in the constitution. Burden of proof falls on the prosecution(gov) to prove you’re guilty.
List the 3 types of cases and define each
Civil (suits) - Court dispute under tort (civil) law between two or more parties.
Criminal - court cases involving a crime, or violation of public order
Constitutional - Involve interpreting the meaning of the words in the Constitution. Involve disputes arising concerning the legislative powers allocated to the Commonwealth and the States
List the 3 types of jurisdiction and define each
Original - The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts of a case.
Concurrent - authority for both state and federal courts to hear and decide cases
Appellate - A Constitutional argument is being made
List the 3 types of laws and define each
Civil laws - Disputes between two or more people. Disputes between individuals and the government
Criminal laws - A charge of breaking federal/state laws
Constitutional laws - An interpretation of one’s rights and how has the government or another person infringed on those rights
Sandra Day O’Connor
first female justice on the US Supreme Court
Thurgood Marshall
first African American on the US Supreme Court
John Roberts Jr.
current Chief Justice on the US Supreme Court
Sonia Sotomayor
current female on the US Supreme Court
Ruth Ginsburg
was the oldest female on the US Supreme Court
Elena Kagan
current female on the US Supreme Court
Amy Barrett
current female on the US Supreme Court
How many women are on the supreme court?
4
Roe v. Wade
abortion and when does life begin
Plessey v. Ferguson
said separate but equal schools was ok
Brown v. Board of Education
overruled Plessey and said no - separate but equal could never be equal
What important US documents protect the rights of the accused?
article III/ constitution and BOR
Police and other law enforcement officers must have a very good reason to suspect someone of a crime. What is this called?
They must have evidence, a warrant, and a probable cause
What is the official document which allows police and other law enforcement officers to search and seize evidence?
Search warrants
Evidence that is obtained illegally cannot be admitted into court. What is this rule called?
Fruit of the poisonous tree
Police can wiretap without a warrant t or f and why?
F, it is considered a search, only the FBI can wiretap for terrorist activity. (Patriot Act)
What are the 3 types of laws/cases?
Civil - between 2 people
Criminal - dealing with criminal activity
Constitutional - concerning your rights
What is the name of the party that brings the suit in a civil case?
plaintiff
What is the name of the party that brings the suit in a criminal case?
prosecutor
What is the name of the party that defends the case in either a civil or criminal case?
Defendant
If my neighbor's tree falls on my car and he refuses to pay for any damages which type of case is it CIVIL or CRIMINAL?
CIVIL
Who bears the burden of proof in a court case?
The Government or prosection (in a criminal case)
What is the reasoning behind the rule you must ask the government's permission in order to sue them?
There must be a good enough reason to sue then or else most everyone would put their complaints in.
What is the ruling in Miranda V. Arizona and what rights does this ruling give to citizens today?
You have to have your Miranda rights read to you in case you don't know them. The Miranda Rights are:
This amendment protects a person against self incrimination
5th amendment
A person cannot be tried for the same crime twice. What is this called?
double jeopardy
Give an exception to double jeopardy
someone later found guilty after the first case. Ex: One murder charge per case.
The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is declared in what amendment?
8th amendment
LIST and DEFINE the 4 principles of the legal system:
Equal justice under the law- everyone treated equally in court.
Due process under law- denies government ability to revoke someones fundamental rights
Adversary system- 2 people or groups fights for their sides
Presumption of innocence- everyone presumed innocent until proven guilty (otherwise)
What does the fourteenth amendment guarantee? Explain it.
Equal protection clause: helps prevent people from being scrutinized and due process
Does a principal need a warrant or probable cause to search a student's locker? Why or why not?
No, you sign away some of your rights when you're at school. The locker is the school's property, not your own. They can do with it what they please.