Beliefs in society

Bruce (secularisation)

Technological worldview, Secularisation from within

Berger

The protestant reformation lead to a crisis of credibility for religion

Parsons

Structural differentiation of religion

Weber

The protestant reformation lead to disenchantment

Wilson

western societies have undergone a long term process of secularisation and Church attendance is an expression of the American way of life

Davie

believing without belong, vicarious religion and the spiritual health service

Hervieu-Leger

cultural amnesia lead to spiritual shoppers

Lyon

postmodern society "disembedded" religion from physical churches and meant religion is used as a cultural resource.

Helland

Religion online and online religion

Heelas and Woodhead

the congregational domain and the holistic milieu

Stark and Bainbridge

Religious market theory

Norris and Inglehart

Existential security theory

Berger (globalisation)

in Latin America Pentecostalism helped countries to economically develop

Giddens

Fundamentalism and cosmopolitanism

Bruce (fundamentalism)

Monotheism in west and 3rd world

Davie (secular fundamentalism)

enlightenment and globalisation e.g. France illegal to wear veil

Davie (fundamentalism)

threat of modernity

Bruce (gender)

work is secularised and less women in work

Miller and Hoffman (gender)

women socialised to be more caring and take less risks

Davie (gender and religiosity)

women closer to birth and death

Voas and Crockett (age)

Ageing effect

Cohort effect

Bruce (age)

less education through religion

Bruce (ethnicity)

cultural defence and transition

Bird (ethnicity)

culture shock from religious to secular society

hunt (social class)

MC-educated so less religious

weber (social class)

theodicy of misfortune and theodicy of good fortune

stark and bainbridge (sectarian cycle)

schism > initial fervour > denominationalism > establishment > further schism

Barker (NRMs)

Answer ultimate questions temporary charismatic leader us and them claim to hold truth

Wallis (NRMs)

word affirming, word accommodating and world rejecting

Drane (NAMs)

less trust in big metanarratives find truth within

Heelas (NAMs)

Self-spirituality - turn away from tradition and look inside themselves to find spirituality.

De-traditionalisation - reject the spiritual authority of traditional religions.

Heelas and Bruce (late modernity and NAMs)

source of identity, consumer culture, rapid social change and decrease in organised religion

Niebur (sects dont last long)

2nd gen, loss of leader and protestatnt ethic effect

Wilson evaluate niebur sects

established sects

Stark and Bainbridge cults

client cult audience cult and cultic movement

Troeltsch

church and sect

Niebuhr

denominations and cults

Kuhn

science is a closed system operating in a paradigm

Lyotard

science is just another metanarrative used to controll people. eg technoscience serves needs of capitalist