Qualitative Data Collection AND Analysis/ Writing

Qualitative research process

- identify problem or issue of interest

- select research design

- research questions

- participant selection

- data collection

- data analysis

- report writing

Purpose sampling

-typical, extreme, comprehensive, unique case selection, reputational case selection, comparable-case selection, critical-case selection

Qualitative research process

- identify problem or issue of interest

- select research design

- research questions

- participant selection

- data collection

- data analysis

- report writing

Purpose sampling

-typical, extreme, comprehensive, unique case selection, reputational case selection, comparable-case selection, critical-case selection

what will you probably not see in qualitative research articles

inclusion and exclusion criteria

Participant selection

informant, participant, subject, respondent,

the narrator of experiential knowledge

- someone who can reflect/ verbalize the experience

- information- rich participants

data redundancy

no more new data can be gained in new participants

Participant selection is what verses what?

extreme cases vs maximal variation

in-depth and focus group interview

-knowing through conversation

- interpersonal, active and co-constructed

Are interview questions open or closed ended?

open

what is the purpose of interviews?

To understand certain themes of lived daily world from the subjects' own perspective

- specific, nuance, describe experience

Participant observation

- data gained through personal, direct, face-to-face, immediate interactions in a naturalistic setting

- write field notes

What goes into preparing a semi-structured interview?

-list of open ended questions that you can elicit relative info from

- prepare follow up questions

- plan a pilot study that you can gather feedback from to see if questions were understandable

What is in a semi- structured interview guide/script?

- introduction

- the purpose of the research

- the information that demonstrates how you will address privacy and confidentiality

Tools for interview and Observation

- voice recorders

- video cameras

- smart phones

- video conferencing

- notepads

- tripods

T or F: Qualitative data analysis is a inductive - bottom up process?

True

Data analysis

immersion in details and specifies of the data to discover important categories

- reduce masses of raw data

T or F: qualitative data analysis builds a theory rather then tests a theory

True

T or F: Text analysis does not equal qualitative research

True

Open Coding

written data is conceptualized line by line, word by word - what are the words telling us

Digging beneath the surface and looking for meaning, making comparisons, and asking questions is an example of....

open coding

Axial Coding

grounded theory- process of relating codes to each other, via combination of inductive and deductive thinking

Selective coding

final stage of data analysis to be completed after core concepts emerging from the coded data categories and subcategories have been identified through open and or axial coding

Other aspects of analysis

- you arrive at an interpretation

- consider alternative explanations

- ability to respond to nuances in data, to hear and see what data is telling you

raw data =

abstract concepts

- labels or categories

Qualitative findings

findings are descriptive.

-thick and think descriptions

Direct quotes capture ...

participant perspectives and experiences _ clear evidence

- words and pictures rather than statistical results

Thick descriptions when presenting the data

describe not only the behavior but the meanings and contexts so it is understandable to an outsider.

- provides specific, nuance, and described descriptions of certain themes of the lived daily world from the participants perspective.

Triangulation and reflexivity are ways to...

ensure quality

data triangulation

multiple sources of qualitative data, interview and participant observation so you can compare

Researcher triangulation

advisor and you : student and senior advisor compare interpretations

Theory triangulation

compare interpretations to theory. Ex. PEO model

Methodological triangulation

mix studies; use different kinds of data

- qualitative and quantitative

- use of multiple strategies to avoid the pitfall of one specific data/source

Reflexivity

the researcher as the reach instrument

- assessment of the influence of the researcher's background, perceptions, and interests on the research process

positioning

the position of the researcher will affect the research relationship and the nature of the data collected