Fluid Therapy and Transfusion

What are the types of fluids?

LRS, Sodium Chloride, Normar, and Dextrose

What routes can we administer fluid?

IV, SQ, and OS

What is the percentage of Total Body Water in our bodies?

60%

What are two isonotic fluids?

Saline and LRS

What 2 compartments is the extracellular fluid divided into?

Interstitial fluid and Intravascular fluid

What is interstitial fluid?

any fluid around or between cells - 3/4

What is intravascular fluid?

fluid within the vessels - 1/4

How can patients lose fluids?

vomiting and diarrhea

What are the types of fluid loss?

sensible, insensible, and contemporary

What is considered a sensible loss of fluid?

urine output

Where does excess fluid go and return to? What does this cause?

into the cells and then back into the vasculature - increase in BP

What is considered a insensible loss of fluid?

Feces, Respiration, and Fever

What is considered a contemporary loss of fluid?

Due to ongoing problems like vomiting/diarrhea

How do we assess hydration status of an animal?

Skin turgor, Mucous membranes (tacky?), Capillary refill time (prolonged?), Degree of sinkage of eyes into bony orbit, Extremities (cold?), Heart rate/respiration (increased?), Mentation (dull?), and Urine output

Why would we want to give a hypotonic solution but not give a fluid overload?

heart disease

What do we not want an animal’s mean blood pressure to not get below?

> 60 mmHg

What is the normal blood pressure range for a dog?

120 - 130 mmHg

What is the normal blood pressure range for a cat?

120 - 140 mmHg

If we have a head trauma patient and they have an increase pressure in their head what fluids can we give them?

give hypertonic fluid to help with the intravascular space

What can we give a patient to relieve excess fluids in the body?

diuretic

What is the biggest plasma protein?

albumin

1 pound = _____ mLs

480 mLs

What is osmolality?

A measure of the number of dissolved particles in a fluid

What are the two intracellular electrolytes>

magnesium and potassium

What are the types of IV fluids based on?

Measure of the number of dissolved particles in the fluid

What are crystalloids?

Volume expansion, rapidly redistribute to extracellular space

What are the types of hypertonic fluids?

3% and 7% NaCl

What are the types of hypotonic fluids?

5% dextrose in water (D5W), Norm-M, and 0.45% NaCl

What are the types of isotonic fluids?

0.9% NaCl, Plasmalyte, and Norm-R, and LRS

T/F We do not do fluid therapy on burn victims

false

what are colloids?

Expand vascular volume, high molecular weight particles that remain in vasculature

What is considered a natural colloid?

plasma and whole blood

What is considered a synthetic colloid?

hetastarch

What is the Shock Dose to reverse hypovolemic shock in dogs?

60 - 90 mL/kg

What is the Shock Dose to reverse hypovolemic shock in cats?

60 mL/kg

It takes ___ to ___ mL of isotonic fluid to replace 1 mL of blood loss.

3 - 4mL

What is the replacement phase?

Done after resuscitation has been achieved or when it isn’t necessary

What fluids is it easy to cause an overdose with?

hypertonic and colloids

How do we calculate the replacement fluid rate?

Dehydration + Ongoing Losses + Maintenance

What is the maintenance fluid dose?

40 - 60 mL/kg/day

What is the calculation for dehydration rate

____% dehydration x ____ wt in kg = ______ L

Acute dehydration take ___ to ____ hours to replace.

6 to 8 hours

Chronic dehydration takes ___ hours to replace.

24 hours

A 20 kg patient is 10% dehydrated, calculate how many Liters of fluids they need.

0.1 × 20 = 2L

If an animal has 12 - 15% of dehydration what does this mean?

definite signs of shock and imminent death

R’s to fluid therapy planning:

Right type, Right amount, and Right speed

What are the intracellular electrolytes?

potassium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate

What electrolytes are extracellular?

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium