EBP Test 2

What is validity

the accuracy of an expirement

what is internal validity

bias IN the research

what is external validity

how does it apply to the population

what is reliability

the ability to repeat results (consistency)

what is an inclusion criteria

characteristics that are desired for a participant in a study

what is exclusion criteria

characteristics that would eliminate someone from a study

what is random sampling

every person in the population of interest has an equal chance of being chosen

what is systematic random sampling

every person in the population of interest is listed by a variable and then every nth is chosen

what is stratified random sampling

when is the population of interest includes strati, people from each strati are selected

what is proportional stratified sampling

select participants that represent a proportion of the sample of interest

what is cluster sampling

breakdown of the larger population of interest to smaller clusters that meet the inclusionary criteria

what is convenience sampling

choosing participants that are easily accessible and meet the inclusionary criteria

what are the pros of random sampling

allows a true representation of the sample of interest

what are the cons of random sampling

every person in the population must be given a matching number

what are the pros of systematic random sampling

allows simplification of the randomization process without assigning a specific numeric value to each participant

what is a con of systematic random sampling

can be biase depending on how the sample population is listed

what are the pros of startified random sampling

allows for equal representation between strati

what are the cons of stratified random sampling

there is less variety included in the sample

what are the pros of proportional stratified sampling

allows for proportional representation of the sample of interest

what are the cons of proportional stratified sampling

the sample is not completely random and does not have variety

what are the pros of cluster sampling

allows sampling of a larger population to occur

what are the cons of cluster sampling

larger number of errors can occur when there are several levels to the cluster sample

what are the pros to convenience sampling

allows an easy selection of participants

what are the cons of convenience sampling

least robust form of sampling

what is allocation

how a participant is placed into a group for the duration of the study

what is control groups

used to compare with the intervention of interest

what is a single blind study

when participants cannot be blinded but the researcher or clinician is blinded

what is the double blind study

researcher and participant is blinded

what is a triple blind study

all 3 parties are blinded

how is history an internal validity threat

unanticipated concurrent events that can occur outside of an experiment that may change the outcome

how is maturation an internal validity threat

changes that occur naturally to a participant over time that are independent of external events

how is mortality or attrition an internal validity threatq

participants that drop out of a research study before it is completed

how is selection or selection bias an internal validity threat

participant sampling techniques that may affect the outcome

how is regression toward the mean an internal validity threat

scores will regress toward the mean if you were to sample them again because of the instability of the measure (not reliable) or if there are extreme group scores

how is testing an internal validity threat

when participants become familiar with the testing procedures (learning effect)

how is instrumentation an internal validity threat

testers need to be consistent and instruments need to be reliable and valid

what is diffusion or imitation of treatments

participants of control and experimental groups are in communication with each other

what are compensatory equalization of treatments

when the clinician or tester knows the participant may not be getting the best treatment, so they work extra hard to compensate

what is compensatory rivalry

when a participant in the control group tries to compensate by working harder

what is resentful demoralization of respondants

when a participant in the control group feels devalued-they may ultimately give a lower performance, inflating the results of the experimental group

how is interaction of treatment and selection an external validity threat

can the findings be generalized to patients with different characteristics

how is interaction of treatment and setting an external validity threat

can the findings be generalized to a different setting

how is interaction of treatment and history an external validity threat

important to use the most current information

what is face validity

determined by expert opinion or subjective assessment of a few individuals. instrument appears to measure what it was intended. no statistical tests or measurements needed

what is content validity

adequecy with which the measurement assesses all plausible constructs

what is criterion-related validity

concurrent or predictive validity

what is concurrent validity

comparing results of one test against the gold standard at the same time

what is predictive validity

trying to establish a predictor of a future criterion score

what is construct validity

ability of an instrument or assessment to measure a more abstract concept

what is inter-rater reliability

consistency between multiple clinicians

what is intra-rater reliability

consistency in results between a singular clinician

when do you use pearsons product, moment correlation or intraclass correlation

ratio or interval data

when do you use spearman rank correlation

ordinal data

when do you use kappa statistics

with nominal data

what is test-retest reliability

assess the stability of an instrument

what does test-retest reliability

for surveys, psychological measures, and instances where raters are not involved

what is internal consistency

used to assess the characteristics of a group of items

what is pattern recognition

based off clinical experience, see a condition and recognize it

what is probabilistic diagnostic reasoning

estimate the probability associated with each, clinical exam, results of exam either increase or decrease probability or a certain condition

what is a reference standard

the most accurate tool available for assessing a condition or determining an outcome

how do you find percent accuracy

true positive + true negatives divided by the total number of patients

how do you interpret the sensitivity

how reasonably we can rule out a condition

how do you find the sensitivity

the true positives divided by positives with condition

how do you find the specificity

the true negatives divided by the negatives with condition

how do you interpret the specificity

how well can we rule in the condition

what is pretest probability

the probablity of the target condition being present before the results of a diagnostic test are available

what is post test probability

the probability of the target condition being present after the results of a diagnostic test are available

what is positive liklihood ratio

the confidence that a condition is present when the test is positive

what is a negative liklihood ratio

the probability the pathology is still present even though the test was negative