Health and Illness Final

What is health psychology?

Application of psychological principles and research to the enhancement of health and the prevention and treatment of illness

What is health?

The state of complete physical, psychological, and social well-being

What are health disparities?

preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations

What is the patient protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)?

a federal law aimed at reducing the number of people in the united states who do not have health insurance, as well as lowering the cost of healthcare

What is the humoral theory?

- Hippocrates

- wellness is a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic body fluids, called humors,

What is an epidemic?

- among the people

- a disease is one that spreads rapidly amoung many indiviudals in a community at the same time

What is a pandemic?

a disease that affects people over a largw geographical area, such as multiple continents or worldwide

What is the biomedical model?

The dominant view of twentieth-century medicine is that illness always has a physical cause

-investigating the causes of physical illness rather than on those factors that promote physical, psychological and social vitality

What are pathogens?

a virus, bacterium or some other microorganism that causes a diesase

What is psychosomatic medicine?

a branch of psychiatry that developed to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of certain disease believed to be caused by emotional conflicts (faulty mind)

What is etiology?

the scientific study of the caused or origins of specific diseases

What is the biopsychosocial model?

the viewpoint that health and other behaviors are determined by the interaction of biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences

What are genomics?

the study of the structure, function, and mapping of the genetic material of organisms

What is epigenetic?

The effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed

What is subjective well-being?

The cognitive and emotional evaluations of a person's life

- Our feelings of happiness and sense of satisfaction with life =

What is a birth cohort?

a group of people who, because they were born at about the same time, experience similar historical and social conditions

What are acute disorders?

an illness or other medical problem that occurs over a short period

What is chronic illness?

an illness that lasts a long time and is usually irreversible

What is socioeconomic status?

a person's position in society as determined by education, income and occupation

What is the immigrant paradox?

the finding that, although low socioeconomic status usually predicts poor health, this is not true for some ethnic groups, such as latinos in the USA

What is transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC)?

describes people whose gender identity, gender expression, or behaviour does not conform to that typically associated with the biological sex they were assigned at birth

What is gender- neutral language?

language that avoids assumptions about people's sex or gender

What is the ecological- systems approach?

The viewpoint that nature is best understood as a hierarcy of systems, in which each system in simultaneously composed of smaller subsystems and larger, interrelated systems.

What is positive health?

the scientific study of health assets, which are factors that produce longer life, reduce illness, and increase overall well-being

What is health literacy?

the ability to understand health information and use it to make good decisions about one's health

What is massification?

The transformation of a product or service that once was avaiable to only the wealthy such that it becomes accessible to everyone. Applied to education and health, it is the idea that college can benefit everyone

What are confirmation bias?

- a tendency to pay attention only to evidence that confirms what we already believe

What is evidence-based medicine?

- the use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients or the delivery of health services

What is Critical Thinking?

A skeptical attitude that encourages healthcare providers and researchers to evaluate evidence and scrutinize conclusions

What is epidemiology?

The scientific study of the frequency distributions, and causes of a particular disease or other health outcomes in a population

What is a descriptive study?

- a research method in which researchers observe and record participants' behaviours, often forming hypotheses that are later tested more systematically

What are observational studies?

a nonexperimental method in which a researcher observes and records the behaviour of a research participant

What is the correlation coefficient?

- : A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables and, thus, of how well one predicts the other

o Correlation is how two variables are related

What is a scatterplot?

A graphed cluster of data points, each of which represents the values of two variables in a descriptive study

What is a quasi-experiment?

- a study comparing two groups that differ naturally on a specific variable of interest

What are cross- sectional studies?

- a type of observational study in which data are collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time

What is a longitudinal study?

- a study in which a single group of people is observed over a long span of time

What is a vector?

- : an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism

What is morbidty?

- As a measure of health, the number of cases of a specific illness, injury, or disability in a given group of people at a given time

What is mortality?

As a measure of health, the number of deaths due to a specific case in a given group of people at a given time

What is incidence?

The number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a specific population within a defined time interval

What is prevelence?

The total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition that exist at a given time

What is a retrospective study?

a longitudinal study that looks back at the history of a group of people, often one suffering from a particular disease or conditions

What is case-control study?

a retrospective epidemiological study in which people with a disease or condition (cases) are compared with people who are not affected by the disease or condition (controls)

What is a prospective study?

- a forward-looking longitudinal study that begins with a healthy group of subjects and follows the development of a particular disease in that sample

What is a randomized control trial (RCT)?

- a true experiment that tests the effects of one independent variable on an individual or on groups of individuals

o Measurement of baseline (starting point) level of a condition, followed by a measure of the effectiveness of a treatment

What is a meta-analysis?

- a quantitative technique that combines the results of many studies examining the same effect of the phenomenon

What is relative risk?

a statistical indicator of the likelihood of a causal relationship between a particular health risk factor and a health outcome: computed as the ratio of the incidence (or prevalence) of a health condition in a group exposed to the risk factor to its incidence (or prevalence) in a group not exposed to the risk factor

What is attributable risk?

measures the actual amount of a disease that can be attributed to exposure to a particular risk factor

What is qualitative research?

- Research that focuses on qualities instead of quantities. Participants expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies

o This is used when researchers want to measure variables that cannot be manipulated experimentally

what is informed consent?

permissions granted by a client, patient, or research participant with full knowledge of the potential risks involved in treatment, procedure, or research study

What is debrief?

o the process by which research participants are given more details about the study following its completion

What is a stressor?

- : any event or situation that trigger coping adjustments

What is stress?

- the process by which we perceive and respond to events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

What is affective neuroscience?

- the scientific study of the neural mechanisms of emotion

what is burnout?

- A job-related state of physical and psychological exhaustion

o It can typically appear over years, It has many warning signs

What is sterotype threat?

- The experience of stress in a situation where a person's ability, appearance, or other characteristics have the potential to confirm a negative viewpoint about their social groups

o Worries that other evaluate a person unfairly based on their race, gender, or other characteristics

What Sympathy-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis?

- The body's initial rapid-acting response to stress

-the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla

- under the direction of the sympathetic nervous system

What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

- the body's delayed response to stress

- the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

- functions to restore the body to its baseline state

What is homeostasis?

the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

What is the corticosteriods?

- Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

- used to fight inflammation, promote healing, and trigger the release of stored energy

What is tend and befriend?

- The Human tendency to respond to stress by seeking the company of other people and nurturing offspring

- Women are more likely to do this under pressure

What is the ecological momentary assessment (EMA)?

- A method of measuring stress that involves repeated sampling of people's behaviour and experiences in real-time in their natural environments

- used to overcome the issues of information recall

What is cardiovascuular reactivity?

- an individual characteristic reaction to stress including change in heart rate, blood pressure, and hormones

What is the reactivity hyopthesis?

- The hypothesis that individuals who show large changes in blood pressure and vascular resistance to stress have an increased risk of developing heart disease

what is respiratory sinus arrhytmia (RSA)?

- Variability in heart rate in synchrony with breathing

- reflects the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divions

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

- The field of research that emphasizes the interaction of psychological, neural, and immunological processes in stress and illness

What is allostatic load?

- The Cumulative long-term effects of the body's physiological response to stress

What is Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) resistance model?

The idea that chronic stress promotes the development the progression of the disease by reducing the sensitivity of immune system receptors to glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol, thereby interfering with the body's ability to regulate the inflammatory

What is the transactional model?

- Lazarus' theory that the experience of stress depends as much on the individual cognitive appraisal of a potential stressor's impact as it does on the event or situation itself

What is primary appraisal?

- a person's initial determination of an event's meaning, whether irrelevant, benign-positive, or threatening

What is secondary appraisal?

A person's determination of whether their own resources and abilities are sufficient to meet the demands of an event that is appraised as potentially threatening or challenging

What is the diathesis-stress model?

- the model that proposes that two interacting factors determine individual susceptibility to stress and illness: predisposing factors in the person (such as genetic vulnerability) and precipitating factors from the environment (traumatic experiences)

What is reactivity?

Our physiological reaction to stress, which varies by individual and affects our vulnerability to stress

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

Selys term for the bodt's reaction to stress, which consists of three stages

- alarm reaction

- Resistance

- Exhaustion

What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

a psychological disorder triggered by exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor, such as combat or natural disaster. Symptoms of PTSD include haunting memories and nightmares of the traumatic event, extreme mental distress, and unwanted flashbacks

What are microagressions?

- Insults, indignity, and marginalizing messages sent by well-intentioned people who seem unaware of the hidden messages that they are sending

What is minority stress theory?

- The concept that proposes that health disparities among minority individuals are due to chronically high levels of stress experienced by members of stigmatized groups

What is coping?

cognitive, behavioral, and emotional ways in which people manage stressful situations

What is engagement?

a coping strategy which invloved taking action and confronting a source of stress

What is disengagment?

a coping strategy aimed at distancing oneself from a stressful situation

What is problem-focused coping?

a coping strategy for dealing directly with a stressor, in which we either reduce the stressor's demands or increase our resources for meeting its demands

What is emotional- focused coping?

a coping strategy in which we try to control our emotional response to a stressor

What is emotional- approach coping?

The process of working through, clarifying, and understanding the emotions triggered by a stressor

What is rumination?

repetitive focusing on the causes, meanings, and consequences of stressful experiences

What is emotional cascade?

becoming so focused on an upsetting event that one gets worked into an intense, painful state of negative emotion

What is repressive coping?

an emotion-focused coping style in which we attempt to inhibit our emotional responses, especially in social situations, so we can view ourselves as imperturbable

What is dispositional affect?

A person's coping style or personality dimension consisting of a tendency toward chronic negative emotions and distress ( negative affectiviy), or positive emotions and subjective well-being (positive affectivtity)

What is psychological control?

The belief that we make our own decisions and determine what we do and what other do to us

What is regulatory control?

the various way in which we modulate our thinking, emotions, and behavior over time and across changing circumstances

What is resilience?

the quality that allows some people to bounce back from different events that might otherwise disrupt their well-being

What is buffering hypothesis?

a theory that social support produces its stress-buffering effects indirectly by helping the individual cope more effectively

What is direct effect hypothesis?

a theory that social support produces beneficial effects during both stressful and non-stressful times by enhancing the body's physical responses to challenging situations

What is matching hypothesis?

the idea that social support is beneficial to the extent that it meets an individual's specific needs

What is stress managment?

The various psychological methods designed to reduce the impact of potentially stressful experiences

What is progressive muscle relaxation?

A form of relaxation training that reduces muscle tension through a series of tensing and relaxing exercises involving the body's major muscle groups

What is relaxation resposne?

A meditative state of relaxation in which metabolism slows and blood pressure lowers

What is mindfulness- based stress reduction?

a form of therapy that focuses on using structed meditation to promote mindfulness

- a moment-to- moment, nonjudgmental awareness

What are cognative- behavioral stress?

The use of principles from learning theory to change unhealthy patterns of thinking and behaviour

What is cognitive behavioural stress management?

a multimodal intervention that combines relaxation training, visulization, cognitive restructuring, reinforcement, and other techiques to help people cope with a range of stressor