Unit 1 Renaissance and Exploration

Petrarch

(1304-1374) was an Italian scholar, poet, humanist named the "father of humanism "first to develop the idea of the "dark ages"

Castiglione

described the ideal gentleman of the age, adept in all areas, social, intellectual, physical. Author of The Courtier

Machiavelli

Writes a document on how political leaders should act and rules to follow and how a prince should behave. Wrote The Prince. "Better to be feared then loved" "The ends justify the means"

Erasmus

Christian Humanist, Dutch Humanist, Priest and scholar. *Wrote "Praise of Folly" a satire. Father of Northern Humanism "forerunner of reformation" because he wanted to do away with some church positions and indulgences. (1469-1536)

Gutenberg

Printing Press inventor, German, Helped spread information during the reformation period, Invention circa 1435

Pope Julius II

Great ambitions for the church and Rome; used art and artists as tools in his goal to restore papal authority over Christendom. Commissioned important works from Bramante, Michelangelo and Raphael. (r. 1503-1513)

Leonardo da Vinci

-Italian painter, sculptor, mathematician, engineer, and overall perfect description of a Rennaisance man. 1452-1519

-Painted the Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Vitruvian Man, and is responsible for the inspiration of many engineering feats to present day

Michelangelo

-Born in Italy (1475)

-Specialized in sculpting and architecture

-Best known for sculpting David

-The architect of the dome of Saint Peter's -Basilica

-Painted the Sistine Chapel

Donatello

Time: 1386-1466 -Imbued with classical ideals but obsessed with realism- The Feast of Herod, David, Gattamelata - Italian Ren Artist

Charles V

-1500-1558-king of the Holy Roman Empire -- King of Spain-forced to seek peace with the lutheran princes that were trying to get their own power

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Half Sister of Mary Tudor. Best known as the most successful queen of England in history. Developed colonies, promoted religious toleration and gave rise to an era of culture, literature, and political stability.

The Medici

A political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th Cent.Cosimo de Medici, Florence prospered giving birth to literature, education, and more.

Renaissance

1348- 1600 Rebirth, Renewal, Transition from the medieval period. Cultural and artistic change. Centered in Florence, eventually spread over most of Western and Northern Europe.

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement. Became prevalent during the Renaissance. Secular in the South, Christian in the North.

The Prince

1513 Niccolo Machiavelli, book that marks shift in Renaissance humanism from civic ideal to princely ideal. Focuses on qualities and strategies necessary for attaining and holding social/political power.

Utopia

-this was a book by Thomas More which portrayed a fictional island and the life of people on this island-1500's

The Praise of the Folly

-this is an essay written by Erasmus-1500s-it is considered one of the factors that helped to cause the reformation, it did this through talking about some of the corrupt practices of the church

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the Americas

Mercantilism

Mercantilism- An economic doctrine that flourished in Europe from the 16th to 18th century. Import less than you export.

Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator)

from Portugal, invested in technology to improve Sea Exploration acquiring new trade opportunities for Portugal

-also spreading Christianity

Christopher Columbus

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492. Opened North America to European Exploration.

Ferdinand and Isabella

A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early 16th century. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus.

Hans Holbein

1469-1524

Famous German Painter, worked for Henry VIII, very realistic, known for portraits, Part of Northern Renaissance Art Movement

Pieter Brueghel

-A Flemish Renaissance Painter -1529-1569

-Painted landscapes, scenery, and sometimes people. Combined Italian Renaissance technique with artistic traditions to paint everyday life scenes. Vibrant colors.

Jan Van Eyck

15th Century Dutch painter famous for use of oil paint The exquisite detail in the paintings have been liked to photography Most famous work is Arnolfini portrait in which, in the painting, he appears as a witness to the betrothal

Dante

"the Supreme Poet"(1265-1321) major Italian poetwrote "Divine Comedy" considered to be the best literary work in Italian ever

Botticelli

Italian painter from Florence, known for "The Birth of Venus" and "Primavera"

Albrecht Druer

A German printmaker, painter, and theorist. He is regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance. His watercolors make him one of the first European landscape artists, and his woodcuts revolutionize that medium.

Jakob Fugger and the Fuggers

-1459-1525-family of wealthy merchants- wealthy family on Southern Central Europe that profited from huge trading nextwork

William Shakespeare

-Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age- Greatest playwright of all time-Globe Theater- Plays examine human flaws-Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, etc

Jan Hus

(c.1372-1415) preached agains the abuses in the church and challenged some of the Church's doctrines. From Bohemia. Eastern Europe

John Wyclif

Was an English Scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher, translator, and. His followers were known as Lollards. A Pre-Reformation reformer.

Sir Francis Drake

-1540-1596 English

-Sir Francis Drake was a sea captain, privateer, navigator, and a politician during the reign of Elizabeth I. Technically a pirate. He raided the Spanish bringing back tons of Spanish gold.

Sir Walter Raleigh

-English explorer

-sent several expeditions to America

-spent a fortune trying to establish an English colony in what is now the state of North Carolina

-sent expedition to Roanoke, twice.

Witch Hunts

-promoted by church beginning in 1484- brought back supernatural approach to mental illness; many executed were mentally ill- Accepted as authority by Roman Catholics & Protestants

Treaty of Tordasillas

divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa 1493-94

Spanish Armada

- "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel.- marked the beginning of English naval dominance and end of Spanish dominance. 1588

Leonardo Bruni

An Italian humanist, historian, and statesman of the early Renaissance, known for his works on the history of Florence and for being the first to use the term "humanism."

Vernacular literature

Literature written in the native language of a region, as opposed to Latin or Greek. This movement allowed for greater accessibility and expression of cultural identity during the Renaissance.

Star Chamber

A court established in England to deal with cases involving the nobility, known for its secretive proceedings and lack of juries, used by the monarchy to enforce royal authority.

Compass

A navigational instrument that shows direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles, crucial for maritime exploration during the Renaissance.

Sternpost rudder

A type of rudder mounted on the stern of a ship, improving maneuverability and control during navigation, which became widely used in maritime exploration.

Portolani

Detailed charts used by navigators during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, providing information on coastlines, harbors, and ocean currents.

Astrolabe

An ancient instrument used for solving problems related to time and the position of the stars, essential for navigation during the Renaissance.

Lateen rig

A triangular sail mounted on a long yard, allowing ships to sail more efficiently against the wind, commonly used during the Renaissance.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable ship developed in the 15th century, used extensively during the Age of Exploration for long voyages.

Double-entry bookkeeping

A method of accounting that records each transaction in two accounts, ensuring accuracy and aiding in financial management, widely adopted during the Renaissance.

Dutch East India Company

A powerful trading company established in the early 17th century, known for its role in the spice trade and colonial expansion in Asia.

1450

The year marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, characterized by significant advancements in art, science, and exploration.

Jesuits

A religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, known for their educational, missionary, and charitable works, playing a significant role in the Counter-Reformation.

War of Spanish Succession

A major European conflict from 1701 to 1714 over the succession to the Spanish throne, involving multiple great powers and resulting in significant territorial changes.

Asiento

A system established in the 16th century granting the right to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish colonies, crucial for the transatlantic slave trade.