GENETICS MIDMTERMS

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

Ribonucleic acid

RNA

Genetic Information

What is DNA in every cell?

Proteins

DNA holds the instruction for making these.

Sequence of Nitrogen Bases

Determines the traits of an organism.

Genes

Units of heredity passed from parents to offspring.

Gene

A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific trait (protein)

James Watson and Frances Crick

Published a paper describing DNA as a double helix, or a twisted ladder.

1953

Year that Watson and Crick described DNA as a double helix.

Nobel Prize

What did the discovery of Watson and Crick won?

Rosalind Franklin

Did much of the research about the DNA, but was not given credit because she was a woman.

Radiation Exposure

How did Rosalind Franklin died?

Nucleotide

Monomer

Monomer

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid

Biomolecule

Biomolecule

Nucleic Acid

DNA Nucleotide

1. Deoxyribose sugar

2. Phosphate

3. Nitrogenous bases: AT GC

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Nitrogenous base of DNA

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Nitrogenous base of RNA

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

Alternating sugars and phosphates are the sides of the ladder.

Nitrogenous Base Pairs

The steps/rungs of the ladder.

Antiparallel

The strands are side by side but run in opposite directions.

5’ to 3’

Direction of DNA

Hydrogen Bonding

Holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

AT, CG

Complementary Base-Pairing of DNA

Deoxyribose

DNA Sugar

Ribose

RNA Sugar

Double-stranded with base pairing

DNA Strands

Single-stranded

RNA Strands

DNA Replication

DNA is exactly copied, making two identical molecules of DNA.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that takes place in the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that takes place in the nucleus.

Helicase

The parents DNA is unzipped by this, breaking the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

Enzyme

-ase

Two parent strands of DNA

Used as templates for building two new stands of DNA.

Polymerase

Adds nucleotides according to base-pairing rules.

Connected

The sugar-phosphate backbones of the new DNA strands are what?

Adds nucleotides

Function of polymerase to new stands of DNA according to base-pairing rules.

Corrects any errors

It proof reads the new strands of DNA.

Semi-conservative

Each new DNA molecule has one parent strand and one daughter strand.

Protein Structure

Made up of amino acids.

Polypeptide

String of amino acids

20 amino acids

Arranged in different orders to make a variety of proteins.

Ribosome

Where are the protein structures assembled?

Replication 1

DNA double helix unwinds

Replication 2

DNA now single-stranded

Replication 3

New DNA strand forms using complementary base pairings.

Replication 4

Used to prepare DNA for cell division.

Replication 5

Whole genome copied/replicated

The Central Dogma

Flow of genetic information

DNA - Transcription - RNA - Translation - PROTEIN

The Central Dogma

DNA and RNA

Contain a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

Transcription

RNA forms base pairs with DNA, C-G, A-U.

Primary Transcript

Length of RNA that results from the process of transcription.

mRNA

Type of RNA that encodes information for the synthesis of proteins and carries it to a ribosome from the nucleus.

RNA Polymerase

Complex of enzymes with 2 functions

RNA Polymerase

Unwind DNA sequence

RNA Polymerase

Produce primary transcript by stringing together the chain of RNA nucleotides.

mRNA Processing

Primary transcript is not mature mRNA.

Primary Transcript

Not mature RNA

DNA Sequence

Has coding regions and non-coding regions.

Exons

Coding regions

Introns

Non-coding regions

Introns

Must be removed before primary transcript is mRNA and can leave the nucleus.

Nuclear Pore

After transcribing mRNA from the DNA cell, it leaves the nucleus.

Ribosome

What does the nucleus find for translation to begin?

Translation

Second stage of protein production.

Ribosomes

2 subunits, separate in the cytoplasm until they join to begin translation.

Large, Small

The 2 subunits of ribosomes

E, P, A

The binding sites of Ribosomes

Translation

mRNA is on a ribosome

Translation

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome

tRNA

Transfer of RNA that bound to one amino acid on one end.

Anticodon

tRNA has this on the other end which complements mRNA codon.

tRNA Function

Amino acids must be in the correct order for the protein to function correctly.

tRNA Function

tRNA lines up amino acids using mRNA codes.

Codon

Coding triplet of mRNA bases

Genetic Code

Inventory of linkages between nucleotide triplets and the amino acids they code for.

Gene

A segment of RNA that brings about transcription of a segment of RNA.

Transcription

Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription

Occurs in the nucleus

Transcription

DNA to mRNA

Translation

Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome.

Translation

Occurs on a ribosome

Translation

mRNA to protein