Juvenile Delinquency Test 3

What did this person purpose: W. Miller

Focal Concern Theory- People made subcultures to address concerns they have (Property, Respect, Protection, Destiny)

1. Smartness: Alternative income sources (Property)

2. Change: Alternative Income sources (Property)

3. Trouble: Anti-Authority (Respect)

4. Toughness: Demonstrate Masculinity (Respect) 

5. Authority: Self Defense (Safety)

6. Fate: Financial Crimes (Destiny)

What did this person purpose: G. Sykes and D. Matza

Neutralization Theory- How people justify deviant behavior

1. Denial of Responsibility

2. Denial of Injuries

3. Denial of Victims

4. Commending of the Commenders

5. Appealing to Higher Loyalties

What did this person purpose: Cloward and Oswald

Gang Culture Theory- People have different reasons for joining gangs

1. Criminal Gangs- Wealth oriented (Property Crimes)

2. Conflicting Gangs- Power oriented (Violent crimes) 

3. Retreatist Gangs- Pleasure oriented (Drug Crimes)

What did this person purpose: A. Cohen

Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory- 2 competing subcultures (Middle class and Lower Class)

1. Middle Class- Hard working, achievement, constructive leisure, cooperation 

2. Lower Class- Permission to do what they want, Autonomy, self reliance, exploration

Lower class subcultures 

1. Street Corner Boy- Petty offenses (Skipping school/theft) 

2.  Delinquent Boy- Serious offenses (Violent, Arson, Murder)

3. College Boy- Middle class comparable (Encouragement/education) 

What did this person purpose: H and J Schwendingers 

Network Theory- Subcutures spread through social networks

1. Delinquent Boy: Purely Antisocial (All classes)

2. College Boy: Pro Social (All classes) 

3. Socialites (Luxury): Luxurious Lifestyle (If lower class > Delinquent) 

What did this person purpose: M. Wolfgang

Subculture Of Violence Theory- Violence is found in all parts of life 

• Criminal: Gangs

• Non-Criminal: Sanctioned Violence

Some demographic Groups are more likely to preserve violence 

• Low income 

• Young

• Rural 

What did this person purpose: T. Sellin

Culture Conflict Theory- 2 types of conflict 

1. Primary Conflict- between main civilizations (Ethnic Groups/religion)

2. Secondary Conflict- Demographic Groups (High vs Low Income) 

What did this person purpose: Rolland and G. Paulson

Social Cartography Theory- Way of visualizing social structure

IDK much about it

What did this person purpose: E. Burgees

Concentric Zone Theory- Chicago concentric Zone model

1. City Center

2. Factory Zone

3. Transition Zone- Most crime. Immigrants and poor people 

4. Working class zone- single family

5. Residential zone

6. Commuter Zone- Least crime 

What did this person purpose: Rodney Stark

Deviant Neighborhood Theory- Features of a neighborhood lead to deviance 

1. Overcrowded- Harder to control

2. Poverty- Less resourceful

3. Mixed-use- high traffic + anonymity 

4. Transience- Constant movement > Unstable social bonds 

5. Dilapidation- worn down house > Norms not enforced 

What did this person purpose: O. Newman

Defensible Space Theory- Ways to prevent crime

1. Clear Boundary 

2. Security Measures 

3. Partition- Separate commercial and residential

4. Surveilability- Avoid total isolation

What did this person purpose: J. Wilson and G. Kelling

Broken Window Theory- If a community is not fast to maintain norms, deviancy appears.

What did this person purpose: W. Miller 

Containment Theory- 4 forces on a person 

1. External Pressure: Negative Environment 

2. Internal Pushes: Negative Personal Factors 

3. External Restraint: Positive Environment 

4. Internal Pushes: Positive Personal factors

What did this person purpose: T. Hirschi

Social Bond Theory- Parts of connection

1. Attachment: Personal ties/support 

2. Belief: Personal attitude towards law

3. Commitment: Personal investment (Job, family, etc)

4. Involvement: Social involvement 

What did this person purpose: M. Gottfrdson and T. Hirschi

Self Control Theory- 4 parts of self control

1. Desire 

2. Intuition 

3. Negative Emotions (Anger)

4. Performance 

What did this person purpose: C. Tittle

Control Balance Theory:

• Control Deficit (X<1): Too much control 

  • Crimes

    • 1. Predation: Violence

    • 2. Defiance: Asocial 

    • 3. Submission: Lessen control 

• Control Surplus (X>1) Too little Control

  • Crimes

    • 1. Plunder: Environmental

    • 2. Manipulation: Stock market

    • 3. Decadence: Moral crimes

What did this person purpose: M. Haskell

Normative Group Theory- People conform to the social groups they are a part of. Follows the laws the group follow 

What did this person purpose: H. Kaplan 

Derogation Theory: high vs low self esteem 

Low self esteem leads to self denial

What did this person purpose: E. Sutherland

Differential Association Theory- People learn deviance from others. 

What they learn 

1. Techniques and motives 

2. Beliefs/Justifications 

How they Learn 

1. Gangs/friend groups 

2. Neighborhood 

3. Peer Pressure 

4. Everyday rule breaking 

Factors

1. Frequency

2. Duration

3. Priority (Age) 

4. Intensity (Emotional Connection) 

What did this person purpose: R. Akers

Differential Reinforcement Theory- why not all exposed become delinquent (Police officers) 

Positive and Negative Reinforcement/Punishment 

What did this person purpose: D. Glasser

Differential Identification Theory- why people with no exposure become delinquents 

• when people attach positive ideas to famous criminals

• when people attach negative ideas to police/law 

What did this person purpose: D. Matza

Drift Theory- Why delinquents can still be part of societies/everyday life 

• Chronic offenders are not commiting crimes all the time 

• When a person interacts while they are commiting a crime, they are likely to transform 

What did this person purpose: R. Akers

Social Structure and Social Learning Model (SSSL)-

1. Differential Social organization: Different societies learn different values 

2. Differential Social Location: people of different classes learn different values 

3. Group Memberships: People of different groups learn different values (ex. church)

4. Criminogenic environments: People of criminogenic environments are likely to learn deviant behaviors 

What did this person purpose: J. Lamb

Life Course Theory- Turning points in a persons life lead to deviance (Age does not impact delinquency likelyhood) 

Adolescence-Limited: When a teen is unable to get over a turning point, they are likely to become a low level chronic offenders, which can then become a high level chronic offender