Exploring Psychology: Chapter 7 Learning

You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates.Rattling your box has become a ______; your dogs salivation is a ______.

CS;CR

Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by

Negative Reinforcement

After discovering her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is an example of

Using a cognitive map

After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates

Latent Learning

True or False:

As a rule, variable schedules of reinforcement produce more consistent rates of responding than fixed schedules.

True

Carrie's mother takes away her allowance after she behaves inappropriately on a recent shopping trip. This is an example of

Negative Punishment

Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars. Bill's aversion to green cars in an example of

Generalization

A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience is called

Learning

This type of learning in which the organisms learns to associate two stimuli is ___________ conditioning.

Classical

Classical conditioning was first explored by the Russian physiologist ___________.

Ivan Pavlov

The tendency of organisms to associate response and its consequence forms the basis of ______________ conditioning.

Operant

When a behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses, a _______-_______ schedule is in effect

Fixed-Ratio

A stimulus that strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is a

Negative Reinforcer

One difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is

in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a _________.

variable-ratio

The type of learning associated with Skinner

Operant

To obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Discrimination

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ____________ will take place.

Extinction

In Garcia and Koelling's studies of the taste aversion learning, rats learned to associate

taste with sickness

In Pavlov's original experiment with digs, the meat served as a

US

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given

Only some of the time

You can teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example

Operant Conditioning

The commission method of payment is and example of which reinforcement schedule

Fixed-Ratio

True or False:

Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a response will recur

False

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that

Watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior

An example of a conditioned reinforcer

Receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done

A cognitive map is

mental representation of one's environment

For rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

about one-half the second before the US

Reinforce behavior after a set number of times

EX: free drink after 10 purchases

Fixed-Ratio

Provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of times

EX: Casinos

Variable-Ratio

Reinforce the first response after a fixed time period

EX: checking more frequently for the mail as delivery time approaches

Fixed-Interval

Reinforce response after varying time intervals

EX: checking for email constantly

Variable-Interval

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to

tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves

Mirror neurons are found in the brains _______ and are believed to be the neural basis for __________.

Frontal lobe; observational learning`

Learning by imitating others is called ___________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ________.

Observational; Bandura

Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that important factor in conditioning is

the predictability of an association

Shaping is an _______ technique for __________ a behavior.

operant; establishing

During extinction, the _______ is omitted; as a result, the _______ seems to disappear.

US;CR

Online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of

shaping and immediate reinforcement

After watching the coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games". Which of the following best accounts for the behavior

Observational Learning

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that OR studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Neutral stimulus

Classical conditional; , A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

conditioned response

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

extinction

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.

spontaneous recovery

Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period

generalization

(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

discrimination

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

law of effect

A principle developed by Edward Thorndike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated

Operant chamber

A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.

reinforcement

(psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it

shaping

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Removal of a stimulus after a particular response to increase the likelihood that the response will recur

primary reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

conditioned reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

partial reinforcement

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently

fixed-ratio schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-ratio schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

fixed interval schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

variable-interval schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

cognitive map

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

observant learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

modeling

A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of someone else.

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

prosocial behavior

Behavior that benefits someone else or society but that generally offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may even involve some personal risk or sacrifice.

Three types of learning

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

cognitive learning

John Garcia and Robert Koeling

noticed that rats began to avoid drinking water from plastic bottles in radiation chambers. They gave rats a taste, sight, or sound along with drugs that led to nausea and vomiting. Rats avoided flavors and developed aversions to tastes but not sights or sounds

Albert Bandura

1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play