Renaissance and Reformation Test .

Renaissance

Rebirth - something had to have died in order to have a renaissance

humanism

The movement in which people studied human philosophy, intellect, potential, and achievements.

secularism

A concept of the present and spirits, rather than one divine God, and what can be done to please him in order to go to heaven in the afterlife.

perspective

Using technique to develop a three dimensional effect on a two dimensional surface.

Fresco

A strategy of painting murals using water-based colors to moisten plaster.

patrons

People who give financial aid or another type of support to an organization or cause.

vernacular

Indigenous language.

mercenaries

People who work for a military not for the pride of the nation or cause but to get paid.

Michelangelo

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Sculptor/Poet/Architect/Painter

• Realistic techniques

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• He developed the technique of making art more realistic looking

Leonardo da Vinci

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Painter/Sculptor/Inventor/Scientist

• Mona Lisa

• The Last Supper

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• Advanced and recorded his findings in the studies of anatomy, mathematics, ophthalmology, mechanics, geology, and botany

• He sketched designs for modern machinery like tanks and helicopters

Niccolo Machiavelli

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Writer

• The Prince

• Different way of ruling

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• Created a new way for princes to go about ruling; instead of following a specific past ruler, he encouraged them to think for themselves, and thought more of political effectiveness than morals. He also said that a leader must lie sometimes in order to benefit the state

Desiderius Erasmus

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Christian Humanist/Writer

• The Praise of Folly

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• He believed that Christianity was a deeper, more internal thing than ceremonies and rules, this influenced others after him

Thomas More

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Christian Humanist/Writer

• Utopia

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• He came up with the idea of “Utopia”: an ideal place with little to no greed, corruption, and war, and tried to use it to form a better model of society

Christine de Pizan

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Woman’s activist/Writer

• The Book of the City Ladies

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• One of the first women to earn a living as a writer

• Also one of the first women to question the difference in treatment between males and females

• While education for children of both sexes was not executed until later on, she still developed this idea, and influenced changemakers later on

William Shakespeare

Title of Writing/Inventions/Art:

• Writer/Poet/Playwrite

• Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Taming of the Shrew

Important Contributions to Revolutionary Thought:

• He displayed masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings through his works

• He developed the ideas and concepts within plays to go much further than they ever had, creating characters with naked souls

Martin Luther

• A monk and teacher

• 1512 - death the taught scripture at University of Wittenber in Sovernty, Germany

• Started Protestant Reformation because he nailed a list of 95 theses that were wrong with the church onto a church door

Indulgence

pardon

Reformation

a movement for religious reform

excommunicate

officially exclude someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian church

Lutherans

a separate religious group that shares the beliefs of Martin Luther

Protestant

• Originally: protesting German princes against the Pope

• Then; Christians who weren’t Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox

Peace of Augsburg

Each Prince would decide the religion of his state, 1555

Henry VIII

• King of England in 1509

• devout Catholic, “Defender of Faith” - Pope

• fought Protestantism

annul

set aside, declare invalid in a religious manner

Elizabeth I

• Queen of England 

• wanted to return her kingdom to Protestantism

Anglican

• Church of England (1559)

• only legal church in England

• established by Queen Elizabeth, King Henry the VIII’s daughter

John Calvin

• formalized Protestantism

• published Institutions of the Christian Religion

• founded Calvinism

95 These

95 things that Luther thought were wrong with the church that he hung up on a church door for all to see

Jesuits

• members of a religious group started by the pope called the Society of Jesus

• focused on these things:

  1. founding schools throughout Europe

  2. convert people to Catholicism

  3. stop the spread of Protestantism

predestination

the concept that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved, founded by John Calvin

Edict of Worms

an imperial order that declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic because what he believed went against the teachings of the Church.

Calvinism

• religion based on Calvin’s teachings, like predestination

• sprouted from Protestantism

Council of Trent

• occurred in Trent, in northern Italy

• a group of Catholic bishops and cardinals called forth by Pope Paul III to discuss several doctrines

Anabaptists

• people who believed that babies people shouldn’t be baptized until they are old enough to decide to be Christian themselves

• babies who were baptised should be again as adults

Catherine of Aragon

King Henry VIII of England’s wife

Ignatius of Loyola

• founded new religious orders

• wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study

• believed that daily devotions cleansed his soul

Catholic Reformation

• a counter reformation to the protestant reformation to keep Catholics in the church

• reformed Catholic church

Emperor Charles V

• devout Catholic

• opposed Luther’s teachings

• controlled vast empire, including German states

• summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial and recant

• told the Pope that he couldn’t give Henry XIII annulment with Elizabeth

• Holy Roman Emperor

• tried to make German princes conform their people to Catholicism

Act of Supremacy

called on people of the Catholic Church to take an oath recognizing the divorce of Henry XIII, and accepting him, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church

Anne Boleyn

• mistress of Henry XIII, secretly married him while she was in her 20’s

• mother of Elizabeth

• imprisoned and beheaded for giving birth to a girl

recant

take back one’s statements

Edward VI

• son of Henry XIII and Jane Seymour, his third wife

• became king at 9

• reigned for just six years because of his poor health

• devout Protestants acted as advisors to his rule, since he was too young, they introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church

printing press

• a new device that made printed material more widely available

• helped spread Reformation ideas

Christian humanism

• the philosophical beliefs within the Christian religion

Pope Leo X

• Pope during Protestant Reformation

• the spiritual leader of the Holy Roman Catholic Church who was responsible for excommunicating Martin Luther

• corrupt - collected indulgences to build St.Peter’s Church in Rome

Mona Lisa

• a painting done by Leonardo da Vinci

• can’t tell if she’s smiling or not

realism

• a style of art that was brought back during the Renaissance

• looked more real, shared qualities with ancient Greek and Roman sculpture

The Prince

• a book written by Niccoló Machiavelli

• examines the imperfect conduct of human beings

• it told young princes to do what is best for them and the state, sometimes you have to lie to get your way to the top

• differed from other princes

The Classics

a group of certain artistic pieces during the Renaissance that are the most well known, well made, and considered the best/peak of the Renaissance.

liberal arts

a variety of subjects one would study to become well-rounded that differ from professional and technical subjects

 Francesco Sforza

• founded the Sforza dynasty in Milan, which became a major Renaissance center

• modernized Milan as Duke