Chapter 9: Gendered Oppression - Terrible Magnificent Sociology

VOCABULARY flashcards covering gender inequality, historical marriage models, division of household labor, and the economic impacts of gender systems.

Sexism

The production of unjust outcomes for people seen as women, based on the belief that men are generally stronger, braver, more intelligent, and more rational.

Androcentrism

The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity, granting greater reward, respect, and power to masculine activities compared to feminine ones.

Hegemonic masculinity

The version of masculinity that is the most culturally admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture.

Patriarch/property marriage

The oldest model of marital relations in which women and children are owned by men and legally defined as equivalent to property.

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

A model of marriage involving a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children, which only $40\%$ of marriages fit even in the $1950s$.

Ideology of separate spheres

The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men.

Mono-normative

Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other.

Pro-natal

Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing the choice to go child-free.

Talcott Parsons

A sociologist ($1902$-$1979$) who argued that men and women were opposite sexes and that the breadwinner/homemaker marriage was essential for functional societies.

Partnership unions

A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals, which was a step toward legalizing same-gender marriages.

Second shift

The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that family members do once they return home from their paid jobs.

Shared division of labor

An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work.

Specialized division of labor

An arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework, and the other does the inverse.

Time-use diary

A research method in which participants self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least $24\,\text{hours}$.

Ideology of intensive motherhood

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment and that mothers should prioritize children's needs over those of anyone else.

Domestic outsourcing

Paying nonfamily members to do family-related tasks to manage the work of the second shift.

Global care chains

Linked nurturing relationships where international care work is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid and unpaid workers.

Gender wage gap

The disparity where U.S. women working full-time make $\$0.84$ for every dollar earned by men, resulting in an average lifetime loss of $\$461,000$ per woman.

Feminization of poverty

A concentration of women, trans women, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and gender-conforming cisgender men at the top.

Intersectional lens

A perspective used to analyze how combined identities lead to starker outcomes, such as trans people of color being nearly $4\,\text{times}$ as likely to live on less than $\$10,000\,\text{a year}$.

Mommy track

A career path with fewer opportunities for experience and raises because employers assume mothers want to work less.

Ideal worker norm

The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities.

Job segregation

The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations, such as dental hygienists being $96\%$ women and brickmasons being $99\%$ men.

Androcentric pay scale

A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees.

Care work

Work involving face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others.

Glass escalator

An invisible ride to the top offered to men who work in female-dominated occupations.

Stalled revolution

A sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized, occurring prominently in Western countries.

Freedom/power paradox

A situation where women have more freedom than men (to mix masculinity and femininity) but less power, while men have more power but less freedom.