Ap hug vocab

Human development index

a measure of living conditions using factors such as life expectancy, education, and income. Also known as HDI.

Gross National Income

the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. Also known as GNI.

Purchasing Power Parity

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another. Also known as PPP.

Gross Domestic Product

the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year.

Primary sector

That part of the economy concerned with agriculture and the extraction of raw materials. Example: Mining

Secondary sector

The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. Example: Assembly lines

Tertiary Sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods. Example: Banks

Productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

Inequality adjusted HDI

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country. Also known as IHDI

Literary rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Gender Inequality Index

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality.

Supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale

Demand

The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy

Fossil fuels

Nonrenewable resources that formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals

Proven reserves

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits

Potential reserves

The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.

Fracking

The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Radioactive waste

Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation

Breeder reactor

A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium

Hydroelectric power

Power generated from moving water

Biomass fuel

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

Geothermal energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

Fussion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium

Passive/Active solar energy systems

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanics

Rostow model

A type of international trade model of development that calls to acountry to indentity distinctive economic assets

4 Asian dragons

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong are some of the first countries to adopt the international trade model

WTO

the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.

Foreign Direct Investment

Investments made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Structural adjustment program

Economic policies that create conditions encouraging international trade

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries

Microfinance

the lending of small amounts of money at low interest to new businesses (usually ran by women) in the developing world.

Millennium Development goals

Eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015

Uneven development

Development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery

Industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transform the process of manufacturing goods. Happened first in Scotland and England

Cottage industry

an industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

Air pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons and solid particulars, at a greater level than occurs in average air.

Greenhouse Gases

The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

Ozone

A gas that absorbs UV solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone is to 50km above Earth.

Chlorofluorcarbons

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

acid precipitation

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

Photo chemical smog

an atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions

Sanitary landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

Point/Non-point source pollution

Pollution that enters a body of water at a specific location or pollution that comes from a large, diffuse area

Biochemical oxygen demand

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given bad of organic waste

right to work law

A legislation that requires a factory to prohibit workers from being forced to join an union

outsourcing

using suppliers outside the company to provide goods and services

vertical integration

A company makes all of its pieces

maquiliadors

US owned plants in Mexico near the Us border

BRIC

Brazil, Russia, India, and China are the emerging industries in the 21st century

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Cereal Grain

A grass yielding grain for food.

Chaff

Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.

Combine

A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

Crop

Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Double Cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Grain

Seed of a cereal grass.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Pasture

Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Prime Agricultural Land

The most productive farmland.

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Ridge Tillage

System of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

Sawah

A flooded field for growing rice.

Shifting Cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Slash-and-burn Agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmers family.

Sustainable Agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides.

Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because "truck" was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or the exchange of commodities.

Wet Rice

Rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.

Center

Central City

First ring

What ring is market Gardening and Dairy in ?

Second ring

What ring is the lumber industry in?

Third ring

Where are field crops in the Von Thunen Model?

Fourth ring

What ring is Animal grazing in?

Von Thunen's Model

according to this model, different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city, or market center, depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product

Market gardening and dairy

nearest to the town, farmers raised perishable products, such as garden vegetables and milk; these products are expensive to deliver and must reach the market quickly because they spoil rather quickly, so it makes sense that these farmers needed to choose locations close to town

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

space time compression

the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place

environmental determinism

the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment

cartogram

depicts the sizes of countries according to population rather than land area

thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

choropleth map

A map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges.