BIO213 BIG STUDY
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236 Terms
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is DNA's main job?
To store genetic information used to make proteins.
What is a nucleotide made of?
A sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
What are the four DNA bases?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
What base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine.
What base pairs with guanine in DNA?
Cytosine.
What does complementary base pairing mean?
One DNA strand determines the sequence of the other strand.
What is the shape of DNA?
A double helix.
What does antiparallel mean?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions.
In what direction is DNA read/synthesized?
5' to 3'.
What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?
The outer structural support of DNA made of sugars and phosphates.
What holds DNA bases together?
Hydrogen bonds.
What is a genome?
All of an organism's genetic material.
Where is most DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus.
What is a chromosome?
A long, organized DNA structure containing genes.
What is a gene?
A functional DNA sequence that helps produce a trait or product, often a protein.
What did Hershey and Chase help show?
That DNA is the genetic material.
What did Chargaff's rules show?
A = T and G = C in DNA.
Who helped reveal DNA's structure using X-ray diffraction data?
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
Who proposed the DNA double helix model?
Watson and Crick.
What is DNA replication?
The process of copying DNA.
Why must DNA replicate?
So each daughter cell receives a complete genome.
When does DNA replication happen in the cell cycle?
During S phase.
What does semi-conservative replication mean?
Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.
What enzyme unwinds DNA?
Helicase.
What enzyme builds new DNA?
DNA polymerase.
In what direction does DNA polymerase build DNA?
5' to 3'.
What enzyme seals DNA fragments together?
Ligase.
Why is DNA replication usually accurate?
DNA polymerase proofreading and repair mechanisms reduce errors.
What can happen if DNA repair genes mutate?
Mutations can accumulate and may contribute to disease, including cancer.
What is the central dogma?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein.
What is gene expression?
Using genetic information to produce a functional product, often a protein.
What are the two main steps of gene expression?
Transcription and translation.
What happens during transcription?
DNA information is copied into RNA.
What happens during translation?
RNA information is used to build a protein.
Why is RNA needed in eukaryotic cells?
DNA stays in the nucleus, but proteins are made in the cytoplasm.
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
The nucleus.
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
The cytoplasm, at ribosomes.
What is the end result of gene expression?
A phenotype or biological outcome.
What is transcription?
The process of making RNA from a DNA template.
What enzyme performs transcription?
RNA polymerase.
What does RNA polymerase bind to?
The promoter.
What is a promoter?
A DNA region where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
What are the three stages of transcription?
Initiation, elongation, and termination.
What happens during initiation?
RNA polymerase binds the promoter and DNA unwinds.
What happens during elongation?
RNA polymerase builds an RNA strand.
What happens during termination?
RNA polymerase reaches a terminator and detaches.
What DNA strand is used as the template?
The 3' to 5' DNA template strand.
In what direction is RNA made?
5' to 3'.
What RNA base pairs with adenine?
Uracil.
What is hnRNA?
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA, the newly made RNA before processing.
What is a polycistronic RNA?
A bacterial RNA that can code for multiple proteins.
Are bacterial genes and proteins usually colinear?
Yes, according to the lecture slides.
What is RNA processing?
Modification of newly made RNA into mature mRNA.
In what type of cells does RNA processing occur?
Eukaryotic cells.
What is added to the 5' end of mRNA?
A 5' cap.
What is added to the 3' end of mRNA?
A poly-A tail.
What does the 5' cap help with?
Stability and initiation of translation.
What does the poly-A tail help with?
Stability.
What are introns?
Noncoding sequences removed from RNA.
What are exons?
Coding sequences kept in mature mRNA.
What is splicing?
Removing introns and joining exons.
What happens after RNA processing?
Mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Why were introns once called junk DNA?
They do not directly code for protein, though they can still have important functions.
What does mRNA do?
Carries the genetic message from DNA to ribosomes.
What does rRNA do?
Forms a major part of ribosomes.
What does tRNA do?
Brings amino acids to the ribosome.
Why is tRNA called an interpreter?
It matches mRNA codons with the correct amino acids.
What is an anticodon?
A tRNA sequence that pairs with an mRNA codon.
Where is the amino acid attached on tRNA?
At the 3' end.
What sequence is found at the tRNA amino acid attachment site?
CCA.
What shape does tRNA have?
A cloverleaf-like structure.
What is a codon?
A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA.
How many nucleotides are in one codon?
Three.
What does a codon code for?
An amino acid or a stop signal.
Why are codons three bases long?
Three bases provide enough combinations to code for 20 amino acids.
What is the start codon?
AUG.
What amino acid does AUG code for?
Methionine.
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, and UGA.
What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?
More than one codon can code for the same amino acid.
What is translation?
The process of making a polypeptide from mRNA.
Where does translation occur?
At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What molecule is translated?
Mature mRNA.
What is produced during translation?
A polypeptide chain.
What are the four stages of translation?
Initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination.
What happens during translation initiation?
Ribosomal subunits bind mRNA and the first tRNA binds.
What happens during translation elongation?
Peptide bonds form between amino acids.
What happens during translocation?
The ribosome moves over one codon.
What happens during translation termination?
A stop codon is reached and the ribosome complex falls apart.
What is a peptide bond?
A bond between amino acids.
What happens at the A site?
A new aminoacyl-tRNA enters.
What happens at the P site?
The growing polypeptide is held.
Can one mRNA be translated more than once?
Yes, many ribosomes can translate one mRNA.
What is a mutation?
A change in DNA sequence.
What are the main mutation types from the slides?
Substitution, insertion, and deletion.
What is a substitution mutation?
One nucleotide is replaced with another.
What is an insertion mutation?
One or more nucleotides are added.
What is a deletion mutation?
One or more nucleotides are removed.
What is a point mutation?
A mutation involving one or a small number of bases.
What is a frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame.