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Encoding Failure

Memories that are not properly encoded, leading to an inability to recall information.

Retrieval Failure

Information is stored in long-term memory but cannot be accessed.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A retrieval failure where the information you know is just out of reach.

Memory Decay

The idea that memories fade over time due to lack of use or time.

Proactive Interference

Prior learning disrupts recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

New learning disrupts recall of old information.

Repression

The process by which our brain hides memories or information that increases anxiety or stress.

Misinformation Effect

When misleading or incorrect information alters our memory.

Imagination Inflation

The phenomenon where frequent visualization of a false memory leads someone to believe it is true.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to remember information from the past.

Source Amnesia

Inability to remember the origin of certain information.

Alzheimer’s Disease

A brain condition leading to cognitive decline, particularly in memory.

Deep Processing

A learning strategy involving meaning-related encoding to improve retention.

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Sternberg's theory that describes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Standardization

The process of gathering a representative sample and pre-testing a test with that group.

Flynn Effect

The observed rise in intelligence test scores over time and across cultures.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Stereotype Threat

Performance anxiety stemming from fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group.

Growth Mindset

The belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort.

Fixed Mindset

The belief that abilities and intelligence are static and unchangeable.