PHYSIOLOGY (MD1) - CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS

THIS IS THE FATHER OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY. HE PROPOSED THAT FOR AN ORGANISM TO SURVIVE IN A CHANGING EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, THE CONDITIONS WITHIN ITS INTERNAL FLUID COMPARTMENTS MUST REMAIN STABLE

CLAUDE BERNARD

MAINTENANCE OF A NEARLY CONSISTENT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

HOMEOSTASIS

THE EFFECTS ARE NEGATIVE WITH RESPECT TO THE INITIATING STIMULUS

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

THE RESPONSE IS OPPOSITE TO THE STIMULUS

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

THIS ALLOWS MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS SINCE IT KEEPS THE CONDITION CONSTANT

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

THIS INTENSIFY THE INITIAL STIMULUS LEADING TO ENHANCEMENT OF THE RESPONSE

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM IS AKA

VICIOUS CYCLE

THEY MAY HAVE A DESTABILIZING EFFECT AND CAN BE HARMFUL

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

MORE COMPLEX TYPE OF CONTROL SYSTEM; ADAPTIVE CONTROL

FEED FORWARD MECHANISM

A DELAYED TYPE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

FEED FORWARD MECHANISM

MECHANISM THAT HAS A SENSOR THAT CAN ANTICIPATE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND PROMPT THE SYSTEM TO ACT BEFORE ALTERATIONS BEGIN TO AFFECT IT

FEED FORWARD MECHANISM

THIS IS THE BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF EVERY LIVING ORGANISM

CELL

COMMAND CENTER

NUCLEUS

WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE SERVE AS MEDIUM DIFFERENT CHEMICAL REACTION

CYTOPLASM

THE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES THAT MAKE UP THE CELL WHICH COMPOSED MAINLY OF FIVE BASIC SUBSTANCES

PROTOPLASM

CELL COMPOSITION. HOW MANY PERCENT IS THE WATER?

70-85%

PRINCIPAL FLUID MEDIUM OF THE CELL

WATER

WHERE CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKES PLACE

WATER

CELL COMPOSITION. HOW MANY PERCENT IS THE PROTEINS?

10-20%

THIS FORMS THE CYTOSKELETON OF THE CELLULAR ORGANELLES

STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

ACT AS ENZYMES TO CONTROL METABOLIC FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS

CELL COMPOSITION. HOW MANY PERCENT IS THE LIPIDS?

2% OF CELL MASS

THIS FORMS THE CELL MEMBRANE AND INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE BARRIERS THAT SEPARATE THE CELL COMPONENTS

LIPIDS

___ THAT ARE STORED IN THE CELLS ARE THE MAIN STOREHOUSE OF ENERGY GIVING NUTRIENTS

FATS

THIS IS A GOOD ENERGY SOURCE

LIPIDS

CELL COMPOSITION. HOW MANY PERCENT IS THE CARBOHYDRATES?

1% OF CELL MASS

THIS HAS A MAJOR ROLE IN NUTRITION OF THE CELL

CARBOHYDRATES

LITTLE STRUCTURAL FUNCTION AS PART OF GLYCOPROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATES

THIS PROVIDES INORGANIC CHEMICALS FOR CELLULAR REACTION

IONS

AQUEOUS SOLUTION THAT CONTAINS ORGANIC MOLECULES, ORGANELLES AND INCLUSIONS

CYTOPLASM

THIS IS WHERE ORGANELLES ARE SUSPENDED

CYTOPLASM

THE REGION INSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE WHICH CONTAINS FLUID CALLED _____ THAT BATHES METABOLICALLY ACTIVE STRUCTURES

CYTOSOL

A NETWORK OF TUBULAR AND FLAT VESICULAR STRUCTURES IN THE CYTOPLASM

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS IS CONNECTED TO THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS IS KNOWN AS THE HIGHWAY OF THE CELL IN WHICH THIS ORGANELLES FACILITATES DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

TYPE OF ER THAT HAS THE PRESENCE OF RIBOSOMES

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THESE ARE ATTACHED TO THE CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE OF RER

RIBOSOMES

THIS IS THE SITE OF THE TRANSLATION OF MRNA (INTO PROTEINS) AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS (INTO MATURE PROTEINS) TO BE SECRETED FROM THE CELLS

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

FLATTENED MEMBRANOU SAC

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A TYPE OF ER THAT HAS NO ATTACHED RIBOSOMES

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS FUNCTIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS AND STEROID (ADRENAL CORTEX, THALAMIC CELLS OF THE TESTIS, AND THE OVARIES)

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS IS THE SITE OF DETOXIFICATION PROCESS IN OTHER CELLS (ESPECIALLY IN LIVER)

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A MODIFIER ER, THE ____ PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE BY SEQUESTERING CALCIUM IONS AND ALLOWS THEIR RELEASE AS SIGNALING MOLECULES IN THE CYTOSOL

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

COMPLEX STRUCTURE CONTAINING MIXTURE OF PROTEINS AND RNA

RIBOSOMES

THIS SITES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

RIBOSOMES

THESE ARE EITHER FOUND ATTACHED TO THE ER OR FLOATING FREE IN THE CYTOSOL

RIBOSOMES

THIS IS A STACK OF FLATTENED MEMBRANE SAC

GOLGI APPARATUS

THIS PROVIDES PROCESSING AND FORM SECRETORY VESICLES CONTAINING PROTEINS TO BE SECRETED THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

GOLGI APPARATUS

THIS IS WHERE THE PACKAGING OF THE CELL HAPPENS

GOLGI APPARATUS

SITE OF GOLGI APPARATUS THAT IS NEAR TO THE NUCLEUS

CIS

SITE OF GOLGI APPARATUS THAT IS NEAR THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

TRANS

THE FUNCTION OF THIS IS FOR MODIFICATION, SORTING AND PACKAGING OF PROTEINS AND LIPIDS FOR DELIVERY TO THE OTHER ORGANELLES WITHIN THE CELLS OR SECRETION OUT OF THE CELL

GOLGI APPARATUS

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

MITOCHONDRIA

SITE WHERE ATP IS GENERATED THROUGH OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

MITOCHONDRIA

THIS IS BOUNDED BY A TWO-LIPID BILAYER MEMBRANE; CONTAINS DNA CONTROLLING REPLICATION

MITOCHONDRIA

THE INNER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA IS FOLDED INTO NUMEROUS ___

CRISTAE

VESICULAR ORGANELLES FORMED FROM GOLGI APPARATUS

LYSOSOMES

LYSOSOMES CONTAINS WHAT TYPE OF ENZYMES?

HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES

THIS IS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE CELL

LYSOSOMES

WHAT ARE THE BACTERICIDAL AGENTS OF LYSOSOMES?

LYSOZYME AND LYSOFERRIN

THIS DISSOLVES BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE

LYSOZYME

THIS BINDS IRON BEFORE THEY CAN PROMOTE CELL GROWTH

LYSOFERRIN

THIS DEGRADES MATERIALS VIA PHAGOCYTOSIS OR AUTOPHAGY

LYSOSOMES

CELLS THAT ARE RICH IN LYSOSOMES ARE?

NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES

THIS IS A GENETIC DISORDER DISEASE CAUSED BY ABSENCE OF SINGLE LYSOSOMAL ENZYME, HEXOSAMINIDASE

TAY-SACHS DISEASE

NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATION OF TAY SACHS DISEASE

SEIZURES, BLINDNESS, DEMENTIA, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, AND EVENTUALLY DEATH BEFORE THE AGE 5

THIS IS SIMILAR TO LYSOSOMES, EXCEPT IT BUD OFF FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND IT CONTAINS OXIDATIVE ENZYMES IMPORTANT FOR DESTROYING MICROBES

PEROXISOMES

FOR ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS OF LIPID METABOLISM; GENERATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FOR MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY

OXIDATIVE ENZYMES

PEROXISOMES IS ALSO KNOWN AS?

MICROBODIES

A PROBLEM IN THE GENETIC MUTATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OF PEROXISOME/LACK OF PEROXISOME

ZELLWEGER SYNDROME

STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE CELL COMES WITH DIFFERENT SIZES

CYTOSKELETON

NETWORK OF FIBRILLAR PROTEINS ORGANIZED INTO FILAMENTS OR TUBULES

CYTOSKELETON

THIS ORIGINATE AS PRECURSOR PROTEIN MOLECULES THAT POLYMERIZE TO FORM FILAMENTS, SYNTHESIZED BY RIBOSOMES IN THE CYTOPLASM

CYTOSKELETON

THE FUNCTION OF THIS IS FOR CELL SHAPE AND MOVEMENT, INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, AND CELL DIVISION

CYTOSKELETON

3 TYPES OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS

MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS, MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS IS ALSO KNOWN AS?

ACTIN FILAMENTS

POLYMERIZED ACTIN WHICH ARE CONTRACTILE ELEMENTS IN MUSCLE CELLS; ALSO INVOLVED IN LOCOMOTION

MICROFILAMENTS

THIS ALSO MAKES UP THE CORE OF THE MICROVILLI AND LINKS THE INTERIOR OF THE CELL TO ADJACENT CELLS THROUGH SOME CELL JUNCTIONS

MICROFILAMENTS

SIZE OF MICROFILAMENTS IN DIAMETER

7 NM

FIBROUS SUBUNITS THAT PROVIDE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND CAN LINK THE INTERIOR OF THE CELL TO ADJACENT CELLS AND THE SURROUNDING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX THROUGH DESMOSOMES AND HEMIDESMOSOMES

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

SIZE OF INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS IN DIAMETER

10 NM

INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT OF VESICLES CONTAINING PROTEINS SUCH AS NEUROTRANSMITTER AND HORMONES

MICROTUBULES

SEEN IN CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT DURING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

MICROTUBULES

SIZE OF MICROTUBULES IN DIAMETER

25 NM

HELPS IN THE MOVEMENT OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA

MICROTUBULES

LARGEST CYTOSKELETON

MICROTUBULES

MOTOR PROTEIN THAT DRIVES TRANSPORT FROM THE CENTER OF THE CELL TOWARD THE PERIPHERY

KINESIN

DRIVES MOVEMENT IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTIONL DRIVES THE MOVEMENT OF BOTH CILIA AND FLAGELLA

DYNEIN

THIS IS USED FOR LOCOMOTION AND IS FOUND IN THE SURFACE OF THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF THE CELLS

CILIA

HAIR LIKE PROJECTIONS THAT FUNCTION TO REMOVE MICROBES OR UNWANTED SUBSTANCES FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE LUNGS

CILIA

THIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WHIPLIKE MOVEMENT OF THE CELL

CILIA

MOLECULAR MOTOR PROTEIN THAT DRIVES THE MOVEMENT OF THE CILIUM; IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF SECONDARY CILIA

DYNEIN

TYPE OF CILIA THAT IS MOTILE

PRIMARY CILIA

TYPE OF CILIA THAT IS NONMOTILE

SECONDARY CILIA