module 1

Intro-to-Embedded-Systems

embedded system

A dedicated system designed to perform a specific task within a larger device

• digital camera

• smart phone

• smart television

• washing machine

• microwave oven

• garmin gps

• electrocacrdiogram monitor (ecg)

• pacemakers

application of Embedded Systems

microcontroller

a small computer on a single integrated circuit (IC) that is designed to perform specific tasks and control electronic systems. It consists of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output peripherals, all integrated onto a single chip

commonly used in embedded systems which are computer systems designed for specific applications or tasks. They are found in a wide range of devices, including consumer electronics, automotive systems, medical devices, industrial control systems, and more

The __________ processes the digital data received from the ADC and performs the necessary computations, decision making, and control algorithms based on the programmed instructions

microprocessor

a central processing unit (CPU) that requires external components such as memory and I/O devices to function.

Sensors

The input to the embedded system is typically obtained from _______. ________ detect and measure physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, light intensity, or motion.

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

The electrical signals generated by the sensors are often in analog form. To process these signals in a digital system, they need to be converted into digital format. The ______________________ performs this conversion, transforming the continuous analog signals into discrete digital values that can be processed by the microcontroller

Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

In certain applications, the output of the microcontroller needs to be converted back to analog form to drive analog devices or actuators. The _______________ converts the digital control signals from the microcontroller into corresponding analog signals that can be understood by the actuators

Actuators

are the output devices that generate physical action or movement based on the control signals received from the microcontroller. can include motors, solenoids, valves, or other devices that convert electrical signals into mechanical motion. They perform the desired actions, such as moving a robotic arm, controlling a valve, or adjusting the position of a device

Sensor

A _________ is defined as a device or a module that helps to detect any changes in physical quantity like pressure, force or electrical quantity like current or any other form of energy

Solenoids

• Are actuators that use an electromagnet to create a force.

• Are typically used to open or close valves, or to move small objects.

• Are often used in conjunction with electric motors to provide precise control of motion.

Early Development (1940s-1960s)

The term "embedded system" was coined in the late 1960s by Jack Ganssle while working at IBM. In the 1940s and 1950s, computers were large and expensive, mainly used for scientific and military purposes. Early embedded systems were developed to control specific tasks, such as radar systems during World War II. The first electronic digital computer, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), built during World War II, can be considered an early embedded system due to its dedicated control systems

Microcontrollers and the 8-bit Era (1970s-1980s)

The introduction of microcontrollers in the 1970s revolutionized embedded systems. Microcontrollers integrated a microprocessor, memory, and I/O peripherals on a single chip, making them smaller, cheaper, and more power-efficient. Intel's 4004, released in 1971, was one of the earliest microprocessors, paving the way for future developments. In the 1980s, 8-bit microcontrollers, such as the Intel 8051 and Motorola 68HC11, gained popularity, enabling the development of a wide range of embedded systems, including home appliances, automotive systems, and consumer electronics.

Rise of 16-bit and 32-bit Microcontrollers (1990s-2000s)

The 1990s witnessed the rise of 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers, offering more computational power and enhanced capabilities. Rapid advancements in semiconductor technology, lower costs, and increased memory sizes allowed for more complex embedded systems to be developed. The adoption of real-time operating systems (RTOS) became more prevalent, enabling better multitasking, resource management, and improved system reliability.

Integration of Connectivity and Networking (2000s-Present)

With the proliferation of the internet and advances in wireless communication, embedded systems began incorporating connectivity and networking features. The emergence of protocols like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth enabled seamless connectivity between embedded systems and other devices or networks. The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) gained traction, where embedded systems could connect, communicate, and interact with each other and the internet, leading to a wide range of applications in smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, and more

Advancements in Processing Power and AI (2010s-Present)

Embedded systems have continued to benefit from advancements in processing power, with the integration of multicore processors and powerful GPUs. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques in embedded systems has become more prevalent, enabling intelligent decision-making, computer vision, and natural language processing in real-time applications

Applications of Embedded Systems

• Traffic Management

• Airplane Traffic Controller

• Medical Care

• Consumer Electronics

• Industrial Automation

• Building Management System

• Location Mapping
  

Implications of Conversion on Signal Integrity

• Noise and Distortion

• Quantization Error

• Processing Speed

• Latency

• Resource Constraints

• Reliability

application

• home automation system

• wearable health monitor

• automotive control systems

• industrial automation

preferred type - mcu (microcontroller)

application

• personal computer

• server infrastracture

• gaming console

• cloud computing

preferred type - mpu (microprocessor)