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Enlightenment
Post-Renaissance period in European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science, politics, the arts, and philosophy.
American Revolution
Conflict between American colonists and the British government from 1775 to 1781, ultimately leading to American independence.
French Revolution
Conflict between the Third Estate and the First and Second Estates in France, inspired by the American Revolution, leading to various political factions and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Maroon
A term for a nineteenth-century escaped slave in the Americas who established their own settlement away from plantations.
Haitian Revolution
Slave revolt from 1791-1804 led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, resulting in Haiti becoming the first black republic.
Nationalism
The tendency of people to see themselves as part of a broader community with unifying forces, fueling empire expansion and reaction against imperial rule.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist known as one of the fathers of modern capitalism, advocate for laissez-faire economics in 'The Wealth of Nations' (1776).
Factory system
Labor system that uses mechanization and unskilled workers for mass production, developed during the Industrial Revolution.
Global division of labor
System where industrialized societies use raw materials from less industrialized societies for large-scale manufacturing.
First Industrial Revolution
Rapid development and industrial production in Europe and the US between 1760 and 1820, marked by the steam engine's invention.
Liberalism
Political ideology advocating for constitutional government, separation of powers, and limited government regulation in economics.
Socialism
Utopian ideal responding to poor working conditions, where workers run the economy self-sufficiently and share resources.
Communism
Extreme form of socialism with centrally planned economies, inspired by 'The Communist Manifesto' advocating for the proletariat's uprising.
Tanzimât Movement
Period of reform in the Ottoman Empire (1839-1879) that modernized infrastructure and legal code.
First Opium War
Conflict between China and Great Britain (1839) triggered by British opium exports, weakening the Qing Dynasty.
Meiji Restoration
Rebellion that restored power to Emperor Meiji in Japan, leading to rapid industrialization and modernization.
Imperialism
Policy of extending a country's rule over other countries, spurred by industrial needs for raw materials and markets.
Social Darwinism
Nineteenth-century theory justifying capitalism and imperialism, drawing from Charles Darwin's 'survival of the fittest'.
Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) of 1857
Conflict in India between British forces and Indian soldiers, seen as the first step towards independence from British rule.
Second Industrial Revolution
Continuing industrialization that occurred between 1870 and 1920, which included revolutionary new methods of producing steel, chemicals, and electrical power; changed society in Western Europe, Japan, and the United States by introducing new ways of working and living.
Railroads
Steam-powered locomotives invented in England in the 1820s; started a "transportation revolution" in which mass-produced goods could be transported over- land more quickly and inexpensively than ever before; by 1900, virtually every industrialized nation had a well-developed railroad system.
Reactions to Industrialization
Second Opium War
Conflict between China, Great Britain, and France that lasted from 1856 to 1860; spurred by the desire of the European powers to further weaken China's position in trade negotiations, to legalize the opium trade, and to expand the export of indentured workers from China.
Self Strengthening Movement
Attempt by China, in the 1860s and 1870s, to modernize its military and economy under its own terms; changes were minimal due to imperial resistance.
Taiping Rebellion
Christian-based uprising led by Chinese scholar Hong Xiuquan that lasted from 1850 to 1864; the violent reaction by the imperial court left China financially strained and caused the bloodiest civil war in world history.
Boxer Rebellion
Movement undertaken by a secret society of Chinese and backed by Empress Cixi that sought to rid China of foreigners and foreign influence; the Boxers were defeated by a multinational force that included the United States, Russia, and Japan.
Latin American Independence Movements
Movements against Spanish colonial rule in Central and South America in the 1810’s and 1820’s, which led to the independence of every nation in the region; inspired by the success of the Haitian Revolution; A key leader was Simon Bolivar
Congo Free State
Colony in Central Africa established in 1885 by Belgium's King Leopold II; despite th name "Free State," it consisted of a series of large rubber plantations worked by forced labor in brutal weather and working conditions; in the 1960s, it declared independence, became the nation of Zaire, and is currently known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Indentured Servants
System of coercive labor in which workers are contracted to work for a fixed period of time, usually for a low wage, in exchange for land or other assistance. Was revived in 19 century after the abolition of slavery.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Law enacted in the United States in 1882 that severely limited immigration from China, which had been prevalent earlier in the nineteenth century during the time of the California Gold Rush and the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad.
Emancipation of Slaves
Process by which slavery was abolished and slaves were granted their freedom; partly the result of slave resistance movements, the abolitionist movement and industrialization's demand for wage laborers; between the 1830s and the 1880s, every industrialized nation and its colonies gradually abolished slavery, turning to other labor systems such as wage labor and indentured servitude.
Emancipation of Serfs
Process by which serfdom was abolished in Russia and serfs were granted freedom from their feudal obligation to a lord; the result of Russian Tsar Alexander's attempt to modernize the Russian economy after being beaten by industrialized powers in the Crimean War.
Feminsim
Movement undertaken by women that emerged in the context of the Atlantic revolutions and the industrial revolution; challenged established gender roles and advocated for increased political and legal rights for women.
