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13th amendment
abolished slavery
14th amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
15th amendment
citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
3/5 comprimise
Only 3/5 of the states slave population counted toward representation in Congress
abolitionists
people who believed that slavery should be against the law
alexander hamilton
United States statesman and leader of the Federalists (est. the 1st Bank of the US)
articles of confederation
a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states (the first "constitution")
cabinet
a group of advisors to the president (not in the constitution, example of elastic clause)
census
a period count of the population to determine representation in Congress
checks and balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power (Exec., Judicial, and Legislative)
cherokee trail of tears
The moving of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma. Only 1 out of 5 lived. then the indian removal of 1830
civil war
a war between factions in the same country ex. North Vs. South
declaration of independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
delegated powers
Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money.
democracy
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
elastic clause
the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers
electoral college
the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
emancipation proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
frederick douglas
Famous black abolitionist that escaped from slavery who would later right a narrative of his own life that described his life. He promoted the abolitionist cause and drew the line where evil must be denounced.
annex
an addition to (ex. Louisiana Purchase)
assembly line
mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it (time period: industrial revolution)
brown vs. board of education
Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954
civil disobedience
a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination) (ex. Bus Boycott)
cold war
a state of political conflict using means short of armed warfare (after WWII between US and USSR)
collective bargaining
negotiation between an employer and trade union
communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership (ex. USSR during Cold War)
constitution
the Supreme Law- determines the fundamental political principles of a government
containment
(military) the act of containing something or someone (ex. communism)
detente
the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations) at the end of the cold War
domino theory
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
fdr
32nd President of the United States
responsible for the New Deal
federal reserve system
the central bank of the United States
federalism
the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units
fourteen points
the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations
grange
an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies
great comprimise
compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
great depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
harlem renaissance
An African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.
immigrants
People who settle in a country they weren't born in (ex. Irish in New York).
impeach
bring an accusation against
ex. President Clinton
imperialism
a policy of extending your rule (conquering) over foreign countries
industrial revolution
the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation with factories
isolation
a country's withdrawal from internal politics
ex. Washington Farewell address
jim crow laws
Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
john brown
abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
john d. rockefeller
Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.
john locke
English philosopher who believed in natural rights to life liberty and property (1632-1704)
judicial review
review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
kent state
Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
korematsu vs. us
Sup. Court upholds legality of Japanese relocation camps; 1988 US gov. officially apologizes and pays reparations of $20,000 to each camp survivor
laissez-faire
the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial or business affairs
little rock crisis
1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.
louisiana purchase
territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
manifest destiny
a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) to conquer all land to the Pacific Ocean
marshal plan
George Marshal the US secretary of state saw Europe as very important to the USA, he saw the best way to keep them out of communism is to help restore their countries in 1947, June, and he proposed a plan to provide massive economic aid to Europe
martin luther king jr
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests, limiting trade
miranda vs. arizona
The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police
missouri comprimise
Agreement that temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories.
monopoly
exclusive control or possession of something
monroe doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers in Latin America
muckrakers
This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.
nativism
the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation)
nato
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
neutrality
nonparticipation in a dispute or war (US didn't enter WWI until 1914)
new deal
the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented
panama canal
a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
plessey vs. ferguson
Supreme Court case in which "separate but equal" was upheld. 1986
prohibition
a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
ratify
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation
reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
republic
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
reserved powers
Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people
roe vs. wade
the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.
satellite nations
Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control
schenck vs. us
argued that freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a danger to the nation.
secede
withdraw from an organization (ex. South during Civil War)
spoils system
the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
suffrage
the right to vote
tariff
a government tax on imports or exports
totalitarianism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
transcontinental railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
united nations
an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
underground railroad
abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves
unions
organizations of workers who bargain with employers as a group
upton sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
urbanization
the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
vietnam
a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea that was the site of conflict in the late 1960's
watergate
a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice (impeachment of Nixon)
WWI
1914-1918; Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of Serbian radicals; Germany, Austria-Hungary v. Britain, France, Russia; America is neutral
WWII
began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1934; US became in WWII when Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan in 1941
yellow journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
