Roman Republic: Key Figures, Reforms, and Civil Wars

What burden did citizen-farmers face during the decline of the Roman Republic?

They faced heavy military and economic burdens due to ongoing conflicts, leading to discontent.

What was a significant consequence of the decline of small farms in Rome?

The rise of large estates (latifundia) worked by slaves, marginalizing free citizen-farmers.

Who proposed land reforms to help the poor in Rome?

Tiberius Gracchus proposed land reforms aimed at redistributing land to the poor.

What was the outcome of Tiberius Gracchus's land reforms?

His reforms faced strong opposition from the Senate and led to his assassination.

How did Gaius Marius change military loyalty in Rome?

He promised wealth and land to the poor in exchange for military service, shifting loyalty from the state to individual military leaders.

What was the impact of Marius's military reforms?

They created a new class of professional soldiers devoted to their generals, undermining traditional civic duty.

What led to the series of civil wars in the Roman Republic?

Power struggles between the Senate, Tribunes, Tribal Assembly, and military leaders destabilized the Republic.

Who were key figures in the power struggles during the civil wars?

Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey emerged as powerful military leaders.

What significant change occurred when Julius Caesar rose to power?

He declared himself dictator for life, effectively ending the Roman Republic.

What were the consequences of Caesar's dictatorship?

It led to the erosion of democratic institutions and the rise of imperial rule.

What event illustrated the tensions between autocracy and republicanism in Rome?

The assassination of Caesar in 44 BCE by senators who feared his power.

Who was the first emperor of Rome following the Republic?

Augustus was the first emperor, solidifying the transition from Republic to Empire.

What happened to small farmers who went to war during Roman expansion?

They lost their money, crops, and land, leading to increased poverty.

What did the Senate's self-interest lead to regarding the plight of farmers?

The Senate was unwilling to help the farmers or discuss their issues.

What happened to Tiberius Gracchus and his followers?

They were murdered by angry senators opposed to his reforms.

What was the outcome of the conflict between Marius and Sulla?

Sulla won and made himself dictator, leading to the Senate's decline.

What was the Triumvirate?

An alliance formed by Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus to gain control of the government.

What led to the conflict between Caesar and Pompey?

Caesar refused to disband his army when ordered by the Senate, leading to war.

What reforms did Julius Caesar implement during his dictatorship?

He created public work programs and established the basis for the modern calendar.

When was Julius Caesar assassinated?

On March 15, 44 B.C.