(Quizlet Import) Memorize These Things Before AP Chem Exam - Jeremy Krug

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Hybridization of 2 Electron Domains

sp

Hybridization of 3 Electron Domains

sp²

Hybridization of 4 Electron Domains

sp⁴

Molecules which exhibit hydrogen bonding

O-H, N-H, F-H

Microwave radiation causes molecules:

to rotate

Infrared radiation causes molecules:

to vibrate

Ultraviolet radiation and visible light causes molecules:

to ionize, break covalent bonds, or its electrons to be promoted to a higher energy level.

Any ionic compound containing what cations will be soluble in water?

Na⁺, K⁺, or NH₄⁺

Any ionic compound containing what anions will be soluble in water?

NO₃⁻

[A] vs time is a straight line

0ᵗʰ order

ln[A] vs time is a straight line

1ˢᵗ order

1/[A] vs time is a straight line

2ⁿᵈ order

Strong acids and strong bases do what in aqueous solution?

ionize completely

Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HClO₄, HClO₃

Strong Bases

Group 1 and 2 hydroxides

When is -ΔH (negative change in enthalpy) and +ΔS (positive change in entropy) thermodynamically favorable?

At all temperatures

When is +ΔH (positive change in enthalpy) and -ΔS (negative change in entropy) thermodynamically favorable?

Never

When is +ΔH (positive change in enthalpy) and +ΔS (positive change in entropy) thermodynamically favorable?

At higher temperatures

When is -ΔH (negative change in enthalpy) and -ΔS (negative change in entropy) thermodynamically favorable?

At lower temperatures

Total enthalpy change

ΔH= ΣH [bonds broken] - ΣH [bonds formed] (LEFT SIDE - RIGHT SIDE)

Percent error

(|calculated answer - correct answer| / correct answer) * 100

Dilution equation

M₁ V₁ = M₂ V₂

Titration equation

Ma Va = Mb Vb

(molarity of subject) (volume of subject) = (molarity of titrant) (volume of titrant)

In titration curves, the half-equivalence point for a titration:

pH = pKa of a weak acid

ΔH < 0

exothermic process

ΔH > 0

endothermic process

ΔG < 0

thermodynamically-favored process

ΔG > 0

non thermodynamically-favored process

RED CAT

reduction occurs at the cathode

AN OX

oxidation occurs at the anode

The CAT gets FAT

Metallic cathodes always increase in mass

A/C

electrons move through the wire from anode to cathode.

Salt Bridge

Anions flow through the salt bridge toward the anode, cations toward the cathode