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Linguists use
the scientific method to study language
Prepositions
on, at, since, for, by, of, to, from, with, about, into, over, under, and between
Determiners
An, an, the
Possessives
My, your, his, her
Quantifiers
All, some, most
External language
External, infinite
Extension
Internal Language
Internal
Finite
Individual
Unconscious
Intension
Mental grammar
the knowledge speakers have about the units and rules of their language.
A native speaker of a language L knows a lot about L
But this knowledge is unconscious
Competence
our subconscious knowledge about a language
Performance
how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension
Laws of man
tell people how they should behave
and imply negative consequences if they deviate from that behavior.
Laws of nature
describe how nature behaves
Prescriptive Rules
Rules that tell people how they should speak (or write).
Usually require some effort to learn.
Are often broken.
Descriptive rules
Rules that describe how people use their language.
These rules are often learned and used tacitly
Examples of Prescriptive Rules
‘Don’t end your sentences with a preposition!’
Prepositions are words you don’t end a sentence with.
“Don’t split your infinitives!’
We want to successfully complete this course.
‘Avoid passives!’
He was killed in a car accident.
Creativity
Every language can generate an infinite number of possible new words & sentence. Human language is generative
Displacement
Capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present
Semnticity (Idk what word this should be)
We can use language to communicate about imaginary things and counterfactuals (how things could or could not have been different).
We can also share factual information about the world on any topic.
Words can refer to things and events in the world.
All speakers of a given language share a
mental grammar
All languages have
sounds and rules that govern (im)possible sound combinations,
words and a system to create (new) words out of smaller units,
rules about how to form sentences, and a systematic way of assigning meaning to words and sentences.
Negative concord is
obligatory in many languages.
All language change over time
sound change; morphological change; syntactic change
Morphology
is the part of grammar (and subfield of linguistics) that deals with word formation
Complex words
Can be broken down
Their structure is complex
Their meaning is made a function of their parts
Simple words
Cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units
Morpheme
The smallest units of sound - meaning correspondence found in human language
With a meaning
Ex. teach, - er, dog, start, happy, -ness, - un
Or a grammatical function (ex, morpheme -s that indicates possession)
Who is best bf
Brick