Linguistics

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28 Terms

1

Linguists use

the scientific method to study language

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2

Prepositions

on, at, since, for, by, of, to, from, with, about, into, over, under, and between

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3

Determiners

An, an, the

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4

Possessives

My, your, his, her

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5

Quantifiers

All, some, most

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6

External language

  • External, infinite

  • Extension

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7

Internal Language

  • Internal

  • Finite

  • Individual

  • Unconscious

  • Intension

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8

Mental grammar

the knowledge speakers have about the units and rules of their language.

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9

A native speaker of a language L knows a lot about L

But this knowledge is unconscious

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10

Competence

our subconscious knowledge about a language

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11

Performance

 how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension

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12

Laws of man

  • tell people how they should behave

  • and imply negative consequences if they deviate from that behavior.

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13

Laws of nature

describe how nature behaves

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14

Prescriptive Rules

  • Rules that tell people how they should speak (or write).

  • Usually require some effort to learn.

  • Are often broken.

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15

Descriptive rules

  • Rules that describe how people use their language.

  • These rules are often learned and used tacitly

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16

Examples of Prescriptive Rules

  • ‘Don’t end your sentences with a preposition!’

    • Prepositions are words you don’t end a sentence with.

  • “Don’t split your infinitives!’

    • We want to successfully complete this course.

  • ‘Avoid passives!’

    • He was killed in a car accident.

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17

Creativity

Every language can generate an infinite number of possible new words & sentence. Human language is generative

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18

Displacement

Capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present

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19

Semnticity (Idk what word this should be)

  • We can use language to communicate about imaginary things and counterfactuals (how things could or could not have been different).

  • We can also share factual information about the world on any topic.

  • Words can refer to things and events in the world.

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20

All speakers of a given language share a

mental grammar

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21

All languages have

  • sounds and rules that govern (im)possible sound combinations,

  • words and a system to create (new) words out of smaller units,

  • rules about how to form sentences, and a systematic way of assigning meaning to words and sentences.

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22

Negative concord is

obligatory in many languages.

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23

All language change over time

sound change; morphological change; syntactic change

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24

Morphology

is the part of grammar (and subfield of linguistics) that deals with word formation

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25

Complex words

  • Can be broken down

  • Their structure is complex

  • Their meaning is made a function of their parts

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26

Simple words

Cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units

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27

Morpheme

  • The smallest units of sound - meaning correspondence found in human language

    • With a meaning

      • Ex. teach, - er, dog, start, happy, -ness, - un

    • Or a grammatical function (ex, morpheme -s that indicates possession)

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28

Who is best bf

Brick

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