Bio exam 2 p2

Which of the following is a term used to describe the collection of microorganisms that live in and on the human body?

Microbiome

Which of the following allows for a single gene to encode for more than one polypeptide?

alternative mRNA splicing.

Why are so many emerging infectious diseases linked to RNA viruses?

They lack the DNA proofreading mechanisms.

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of epigenetic changes?

DNA mutations

In eukaryotes, DNA packing seems to affect gene expression primarily by

controlling access to DNA.

How does the Earth BioGenome Project differ from other large-scale genomics projects?

It aims to sequence the genomes of all organisms on Earth, not just a select few.

What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?

Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a one base pair is changed

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over and formation of tetrads occur?

prophase

Technological advances to manipulate gene expression include which one of the following.

RNA interference gene silencing (RNAi)

After fertilization of an egg, the resulting zygote has

a diploid chromosome number - one from each parent

What type of RNA is considered coding RNA?

mRNA

In eukaryotes, DNA replication occurs in

5' -> 3' direction

What is correct order of stages of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Epigenetics refers to

A change in gene expression without a change in DNA base sequence.

Genetic changes that underlie oncogenesis alter fundamental properties of cells including all ofthe following except one choice. Which one is FALSE?

Malignant cells are more highly oxygenated and do not migrate toward a blood supply.

Infectious diseases that can be specifically transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans are called

zoonotic diseases.

The 3-D structure of RNA is very different from DNA because

All of these choices are true.

Which of the following is a type of immunotherapy that involves modifying T-cells to target cancer cells?

CAR-T therapy

What is EGFR?

A gene that is associated with the development of cancer

Identify the following image.
https://lms.rpi.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-581961-dt-content-rid-9949945_1/xid-9949945_1

karyotype

Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by

X-linked disorders

What is epigenomics?

The study of how environmental factors can affect gene expression

Which of the following is a key component of the Sanger sequencing method?

DNA polymerase

What is the likelihood that a child of an affected parent with an autosomal dominant disorder will inherit the disorder?

50%

Which of the following genes are known to increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer when mutated?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

The Central Dogma in molecular biology refers to

DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated to protein.

What is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing blood vessels called?

Angiogenesis

The ENCODE Project revealed new insights about the human genome. Identify the one correctanswer.

Recognition that evolutionary change occurs through sequences that alter gene regulation.

Epidemiology is the study of the origin of diseases, how they spread, and how to prevent their spread. Why was Covid-19 considered a pandemic, yet the H5N1 bird flu was not?

A disease is named a pandemic when new incidences of the disease increase, spread rapidly, and with a very wide global distribution.

There is the need for differential gene expression in humans because of one of the following. Identify the one CORRECT answer.

Almost all cells contain the same genotype.

If the sequence of the DNA template strand for mRNA synthesis is ACC AAA CCG, the mRNA sequence is

UGG UUU GGC

X-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because

men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.

What is personalized medicine?

A type of medicine that uses genetic information to tailor treatments to individual patients

What is the purpose of adding dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) to the Sanger sequencing reaction?

To terminate DNA chain extension at specific bases

During anaphase,

sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that are

essential for repairing damaged DNA.

Technological advances to manipulate gene expression include which one of the following?

CRISPR-Cas9

What is chromosome nondisjunction?

Failure of a chromosome to separate during cell division

What are some conditions that can result from chromosome nondisjunction?

All of the above

What does the ENCODE project aim to do?

Map all functional elements in the human genome

How does CRISPR work?

By cutting DNA at specific locations and allowing for precise editing of the genetic sequence

During DNA replication, one DNA strand is copied to make a new DNA molecule composed of two DNA strands. This new DNA contains

one strand is the original DNA strand and the other the new DNA strand.

We have learned the following from Cancer Genomics Project except for the following one statement that is FALSE.

All breast cancer patients have the same oncogenic signature.

A codon is

a triplet-nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid or termination of translation.

The following figure shows the lac operon in its active and inactive state. What molecule activates the lac operon to produce the 3 enzymes for lactose utilization?

lactose

What is CRISPR/Cas9?

All these choices are correct.

Transcription factors bind to

DNA

What is the likelihood that a child of two carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder will inherit the disorder?

25%

These small, single-stranded RNA molecules, 22 nucleotides long, can block the translation of mRNA and are involved in the expression of ~1/3 of all human genes. Choose the CORRECT answer.

microRNAs (miRNAs)

What is MRSA?

A bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics