Chapter 26

A&T Four

A group of activists known for their sit-ins that challenged segregation, advocating for nonviolence and inspiring others.

Greensboro sit-in

A pivotal event in the civil rights movement where activists sat at segregated lunch counters to protest racial discrimination.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

An organization formed to coordinate youth-led nonviolent campaigns against segregation and other forms of racial discrimination.

New Liberalism

A political philosophy emphasizing government action to address social issues like civil rights and economic growth.

New Conservatism

A political movement that criticized the federal government for being too large and advocated for individualism and anti-Communism.

Barry Goldwater

A prominent conservative politician who pushed for individual rights and a more aggressive stance against communism.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

A key organization in the New Left advocating for participatory democracy and social change.

Presidential Election of 1960

An election characterized by John F. Kennedy's New Frontier versus Richard Nixon's Modern Republicanism.

The New Frontier

Kennedy's vision for America focusing on economic growth and social improvements.

Freedom Riders

Activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to challenge racial segregation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A congressional resolution that authorized military action in Vietnam following alleged attacks on U.S. naval vessels.

Black Power

A movement advocating for the empowerment and self-determination of African Americans, famously championed by figures like Malcolm X.

Free Speech Movement

A student-led protest at UC Berkeley against restrictions on political activities on campus.

Betty Friedan

Author of 'The Feminine Mystique,' which sparked discussions about women's rights and roles in society.

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Legislation aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on gender.

George Wallace

A segregationist politician known for his law and order campaign and opposition to civil rights movements.

Tet Offensive

A major military campaign during the Vietnam War that challenged U.S. perceptions of military progress.

Kennedy and Vietnam

Kennedy's commitment to support South Vietnam through advisors and military aid in response to the Viet Cong.

Civil Rights Movement

A decades-long struggle for social justice and equality for African Americans in the United States.

Peace Corps

A volunteer program established by Kennedy to promote peace and friendship by sending Americans abroad.

Flexible Response

Kennedy's foreign policy strategy that aimed for a range of options in dealing with international crises, rather than relying solely on nuclear weapons.

Berlin Wall

A barrier built by East Germany in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West, symbolizing Cold War tensions.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba, leading to heightened Cold War tensions.

Johnson's Great Society

A set of domestic programs launched by President Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

Malcolm X

A civil rights leader who advocated for Black empowerment and criticized the mainstream civil rights movement's integration strategies.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

A political party formed to challenge the segregationist Democratic Party in Mississippi, reflecting the civil rights movement's activism.

The March on Washington

A historic 1963 event advocating for civil and economic rights for African Americans, highlighted by Martin Luther King's 'I Have a Dream' speech.

Operations Rolling Thunder

A sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam initiated by the Johnson administration.

Fighting a Limited War

A military strategy that emphasized conventional weapons and a desire for negotiated peace, often criticized for its ineffectiveness against guerrilla tactics.

Youth Rebellion

A cultural shift during the 1960s characterized by challenges to traditional values, often manifesting through protests and countercultural movements.

Tensions surrounding government power

The ongoing debates over the scope of government powers versus individual rights, especially in the context of civil liberties.

The Council of Federated Organizations

An organization that coordinated civil rights campaigns, including the Freedom Summer aimed at increasing voter registration among African Americans.

Ronald Reagan

A conservative leader who emerged as a prominent figure opposing liberal policies, advocating for a stronger military presence in Vietnam.

The Omnibus Housing Act of 1961

Legislation aimed at addressing housing shortages and improving living conditions in urban areas.

Consumer protection laws

Regulations enacted to protect consumers from unfair business practices and ensure marketplace safety.

Miranda v. Arizona

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the Miranda rights, requiring individuals taken into police custody to be informed of their rights.

Griswold v. Connecticut

A Supreme Court case that invalidated a law prohibiting the use of contraceptives by married couples, emphasizing privacy rights.

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp

A Supreme Court decision that ruled against enforced Bible readings in public schools, reinforcing the separation of church and state.

The Rebirth of the Women’s Movement

A renewed push for women's rights in the 1960s, spurred by discussions on equality and reproductive rights.