Reproduction 1 and 2

Asexual reproduction

Single parent yielding 2+ offspring, offspring identical, clones, no meiosis, no gamete fusion

Types of asexual reproduction

Budding, fission, parenthosgensis, fragmentation and regeneration

Sexual reproduction

Involves production and fusion of gametes=crossing, involves sperm and egg, fertilization

Sperm

Small mobile flagellated

Egg

Large, non motile, contains nutrients for gametes

SEQ sexual reproduction

N zygote—>fertilization—>2n cell—>mitosis—>2n—>meiosis

Reproduction cost

On,y half the population can reproduce

Testes

Male gonads

Semiferous tubles

Site of spermatogeneisis long hollow tube, very small diameter

Leydig cells

Prod testosterone, other male sex hormones scattered between semiferous tubles

Epididymis

Cottle tube, transports sperm (takes 3 weeks), maturation of sperm and storage

Scrotum

Skin covered sac, contains testes, epidymisis, sperm can’t develop at body temp,

Penis

Coplatory organ, urethra down middle, delivers sperm to coochie

Penis anatomy

Erictile tissue- 3 parallel columns of tissue

Glands- tip of peen contains sensory nerves

Prepuce (for skin)-cuff of loose fitting skin

Seminal vesicles

In a pair, produce fluid rich in fructose (E for sperm after ejactulation), Prostogalnins (stimulates contractions of uterus)

Prostate gland

Contains anticoagulants enzymes, secretes into urethra

Bulbourethral gland

2 small round glands on either side of urethra, first gland to secrete into urethra during arousal,

Semen

Mix of sperm and fluid from accessory glands, moves through conducting tubes mixed with secretion hormones from acessory glands

Speratogenisis

Prod of sperm cells

Process of spermtagensis

1 Spermatocyte (2n)—> Embroyotic primordial germ cells divide via meiosis into spermatogical sperm cells—>spermatogical sperm cells divide via M1 to 2 sperocyte—>M2 spermatids—>differentiated to mature sperm cells

Mature sperm cells

Head, midpeice,nucleus,acrosome,mitochondria

Androgens

Principal of sex hormones in male testosterone most important

Male endocrinology pathway

Hypalamus secrets gonadthropin releasing hormone GnRH

Female reproductive system functions

Prod eggs, receive sperm, facilitate, fertilization, house embryo + give birth, lactate and feed young

Ovaries

Female gonad, located in abdominal cavity , prod games via oogenisis

Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

Extend from uterus to ovaries, collects 2 degree locates from ovary, moves to uterus via contractions, site of fertilization

Uterus

Pear shaped and size of fist, site of embryonic dev, expands during pregnancy, 2 sites (Myometrium and Endometrium)

Myometrium

Thick wall of smooth muscle

Endometrium

Lines lumen, connectetive tissue, glands, blood vessels, thickens each month to prepare for preg

If fertilization—> embryo implants

No fertilization—> slouched off—>menstation

Cervix

Lower part of uterus, separates from vag, common cancer site

Vulva

External genitalia, covers external openings

Early follicular phase

(Day 1-5), negative feedback

Hypothalamus—>(gnRH)—> Anti pit, (low estradiol + progesterone) + (FSH/LH)—> Early follicle—>(Estradiol)—>Menstraul flow, then endometrium thickens(Proliferative phase)

Day 5-13

Late follicular phase, positive feedback

Hypothalamus (high estradiol)—>(gnRH)anti pit—>(LH surge) and (low progesterone) ovaries—>mature follicle—>(estadiol)—>Uterus (endotrium thickens)

Day 14

Ovulation 😈😈

Day 15-28 if pregnant

Early Luteal phase (neg feedback)

Hypothalamus —>Anti Pit(no gnRH)—>(no FSH/LH, low estradiol, high progesterone) Ovaries (Corpus Luteum)—>(progestone) glands active arteries grow (Secretory phase)

Day 15-28

Late luteal phase (if not preg)

Hypothalamus—>(gnrh)Antipit—>(FSH/LH) Estradiol + progesterone—>ovaries (Corpus Lutem starts to break down if there’s no more progesterone)—>(progrestone)Endotrium breaks down (secretory phase)

Seq oogenisis

Primordial germ cell(2n)—> (mitosis) oogium—>(mitosis) primary oocyte—>2ndary oocyte (occurs after puberty)—>Ovum—> embryonic dev—>fertilization

Oogonia

Form during development, no new oogonia after birth

After puberty oogenisis

Occurs in follicle (structure within ovary), follicle cells serve as a protective barrier, zona pellucida- thick glycoprotein layer between follicle cells and oocyte

What occurs each month in menstrual cycle

6-12 follicles mature

Primary oocyte

Present at birth, arrested in prophase of m1

Secondary oocyte

Arrested at metaphase of M2

Ovulation

As 2ndary oocyte matured—>moves to surface of ovary—>follicle cells secrete fluid, estrogens, protective enzymes—>break down ovary wall, wndary ejected into lviduct

Corpus Luteum

“Yellow body”, portion of follicle left in ovary after ovulation, develops into endocrine gland, secretes: estrogen and progestone

2nary oocyte

If sperm enters—>complete M2–>mature egg containing sperm head—oogensis complete

If not sperm enters—>disinegrates —>corpus Luteum died—>menstrstion—>new follicle next cycle

Uterine cycle

3 phases

Menstrual flow phase: 1-5 days

Proliferalive phase: 6- 13 before ovulation

Secretary phase: 15-28 days, after ovulation

Proliferation lhase

Coordinated with follicular phase, ovarian hormones stimulate uterus to prepare, support embryo

Secretory phase

Coordinated with literal phase of ovarian cycle, promoted by estradiol, progesterone from CL, endometrium dev, arteries enlarge, emdominal glands grow

Menstrual flow phase

Endometrial tissue, blood is shed, new follicles begin to grow, day 1=new ovarian cycles