Cerebrum

What lobe has the functions of ....... “CEO”; cognition (problem-solving, STM), expressive language, executive fxn (organization, planning, sequencing, & motivation); motor cortex; development not thought to be complete until late adolescence or early adulthood

frontal

What lobe has the function of ... sensory detection, perception, & interpretation of sensory information

parietal

What lobe has the function of... audition, comprehension of language, & LTM

temporal

What lobe has the function of ... interpretation of visual stimuli

occipital

What lobe has the function of .... some consider this a 5th lobe; perceptual processing of gustatory info; may interpret music?

insula

R or L hemisphere:

Interpretation of perceptual & spatial info (e.g. reading a map, creating music or art)

right

R or L hemisphere:

-Interpreting the abstract and creative elements

right

R or L hemisphere:

-Expression and interpretation of written & spoken language

left

R or L hemisphere:

-Taking concrete info and applying it to the abstract, metaphors

right

R or L hemisphere:

-Interpreting tonal inflections & emotion behind language

right

R or L hemisphere:

-Thought to be associated with logic, analysis, mathematics

left

R or L hemisphere:

-Linear processing of conversation, arithmetic, etc.

left

R or L hemisphere:

-Spatial processing - holistic, pictorial, etc.

right

What are the three categories of subcortical white matter fibers

projection, commissural, association

______________ fibers extend from subcortical areas to cortex & cortex to spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, & thalamus

projection

Almost all projection fibers travel through the _________________ and then creates an axon spread known as the corona radiata

internal capsule

The __________________ connects the cortex to the brainstem, thalamus, limbic areas, CNs, spinal tracts

Internal Capsul

Because all of the connections projection fibers have, small lesions can have _____________ consequences

huge

_____________ fibers Connect similar areas of the cerebral hemispheres

commissural

_____________ is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres

corpus callosum

Anterior and posterior commissures link both _______________ lobes

temporal

__________________ fibers connect cortical regions within one hemisphere

association

____________ association fibers connect adjacent gyri

short

_____________ association fibers connect lobes within one hemisphere

long

_____________________: severance or lack of the corpus callosum

callosotomy

In the subcortical white matter, occlusion or hemorrhage of arteries supplying the _________________ is common

internal capsule

In a subcortical white matter lesion, __________________ decrease in voluntary movement, __________________ loss of conscious somatosensation

contralateral, contralateral

_____________ receives information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and all sensory systems except olfactory

thalamus

What individual thalamic nuclei group includes:

convey information from the sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.

relay nuclei

What individual thalamic nuclei group includes:

have reciprocal connections to cortex and process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.

association nuclei

What individual thalamic nuclei group includes:

regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention.

nonspecific nuclei

What is essential for individual and species survival because it integrates behaviors with visceral functions

hypothalamus

Functions of ________________:

-Maintaining homeostasis

-Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors

-Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion

-Regulation of circadian rhythms in concert with other brain regions

-Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs

hypothalamus

Hypothalamus aids in controlling the _______________ in our body

hormones

Pituitary hormones control most of the __________________ system

endocrine

Are most pituitary tumors benign?

yes

Symptoms of _________________ include •headaches, nausea, vomiting, irregular menses and lactation, and sexual dysfunction, and sometimes bitemporal hemianopsia

pituitary

______________ gland is believed to help regulate circadian rhythms and to influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the pancreatic cells that secrete insulin

pineal

__________________ is located superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Is part of the basal ganglia circuit, which is involved in regulating movement by facilitating basal ganglia output nuclei

subthalamus

In a thalamic injury, ______________ is most effected

proprioception

______________________________ syndrome: due to misinterpretation of sensory stimuli producing severe contralateral pain can occur, but is rare

thalamic pain

Lateropulsion is caused by a lesion to the

posterior thalamus of vestibular nuclei

_________________ are vital for normal motor function, sequence of movements, regulate muscle tone, and muscle force, select and inhibit specific motor synergies, and are involved with cognitive functions:

-Sustained attention

-Ability to change behavior as task requirements change

-Motivation and reward responses

basal ganglia

__________________ damage commonly causes apathy, loss of initiative & spontaneous thought and emotional responses

caudate

Excessive activity of the circuit connecting the caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral prefrontal cortex is correlated with _________________________________-

obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs).

_____________________________: Discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information

primary sensory cortex

_________________________: Provides descending control of motor output

primary motor cortex

__________________________: Performs more complex analysis of sensation - putting meaning to sensory info

secondary sensory cortex

_______________________: organize movements

motor planning areas

_________________________: More complex interpretation of all types of sensory information; impact behavior, processes emotions and memories

association cortices

______________________: discriminates shape, size, texture

primary somatosensory

_____________________: volume and pitch

primary auditory

_______________________: intensity of light, shape, size, and location

primary visual

____________________: head position and head movement

primary vestibular

____________________: •stereognosis & memory of tactile & spatial environment

secondary somatosensory

________________________: Analysis of motion & identification (streams)

secondary visual

_____________________: Classifying & recognition of sounds

secondary auditory

____________________: interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms.

perception

The posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (area corresponding to Wernicke’s area) comprehends spatial relationships, providing schemas of the following:

____________: Is the mental representation of how the body is anatomically arranged.

body

The posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (area corresponding to Wernicke’s area) comprehends spatial relationships, providing schemas of the following:

________________________: Enables individuals to locate objects in space and to navigate accurately.

body in relation to its surroundings

•The posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (area corresponding to Wernicke’s area) comprehends spatial relationships, providing schemas of the following:

_____________: is the ability to plan a route from one site to another

external world

•Behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist.

neglect

Name the type of neglect:

failure to direct attention, affecting the awareness of one's own body parts; e.g., only comb one side of head

personal

Name the type of neglect:

unilateral lack of understanding of spatial relationships; both in peripersonal environment (won't eat off one side of the plate) & extrapersonal (bump into doorway)

spatial

Name the type of neglect:

unaware of visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli on contralesional side

sensory

Name the type of neglect:

impaired initiation or execution of movement even when aware of the stimulus when there is no other motor deficit

Name the type of neglect:

disregard of contralesional half of mental representations; e.g., omits left side of room when describing a space

representational

Grade ____ Brain tumor: noncancerous, slow growing tumor

I

____________________: Decreased ability to attend, respond, or react to contralesional side. person can often atten the the contralesional side when given cues and supports

hemi-inattention

Is the general term for the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact.

agnosia

•Is the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation.

asteroegnosis

•inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision

visual agnosia

•type of visual agnosia

-A person is unable to identify faces visually, despite being able to interpret emotional facial expressions and being able to recognize visually other items in the environment; "facial amnesia" or "face blindness"

prospopagnosia

•Destruction of the secondary auditory cortex spares the ability to perceive sound but unable to recognize sounds.

auditory agnosia

In auditory agnosia, if the lesion destroys the ___________ secondary auditory cortex, the person is typically unable to understand speech.

•Destruction of ___________ auditory cortex interferes with the interpretation of environmental sounds.

left; right

•Extensive neglect

•Lack of insight or awareness of deficits

•Typically from right hemisphere lesion

•Huge safety concern

anosognosia

•Loss of recognition of body part

•May throw limbs away from them

•Usually associated with hemianesthesia

asomatoagnosia

Primary motor cortex is the source of most neurons in the ___________________ & __________________tracts

corticospinal; corticobrainstem

____________________ controls voluntary movements

primary motor cortex

_____________: speech disorder resulting from spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking

dysarthria

Type of dysarthria that Is caused by damage to the upper motor neurons. Is characterized by harsh, awkward speech.

spastic

Type of dysarthria that is caused by damage to the lower motor neurons.

and is characterized by paresis of speech muscles.

flaccid

____________________: Important for initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements

supplementary motor area

_____________________: controls trunk and girdle muscles

premotor cortex

_________________: Planning movements of the mouth during speech and the grammatical aspects of language (typically on left)

broca's area

_____________________:(Area equivalent to Broca's in opposite hemisphere) nonverbal communication (gestures, tone)

Inferior frontal gyrus

_____________ apraxia: •unable to align body to clothing

•If lesion on R, often linked to heminattention/neglect

•If lesion on L, often linked to inabilty to plan, sequence

dressing

_______________ apraxia: •deficit impairs the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space (2D & 3D deficits)

-e.g., setting a table, making a sandwich (activities where you're putting things together)

constructional apraxia

______________ apraxia: inability to cognitively understand the motor demands of a task or of object use; difficulty sequencing movements

-e.g., not understanding a cup is brought to the mouth

ideational

____________________ apraxia: •inability to imitate or perform motor movement on command but may carry out habitual movements automatically

ideomotor

______________ aphasia: difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols

broca's

__________________: •uncontrollable repetition of a movement

-Is more associated with the amount of neural damage than with the damage to a specific site.

motor perseveration

________________________ disorders consist of weakness or abnormal movements that are genuine but not explained by classical neurologic disease

functional movement

___________________: •Is characterized by sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge, interfering with brain function.

•Involuntary movements, disruption of autonomic regulation, illusions, and hallucinations may occur.

epilepsy

Epilepsy is measured with

EEG

______________ seizure: Are identified by a brief loss of consciousness without motor manifestations; Staring

absense

_________________ seizure: Begin with tonic contraction of the skeletal muscles, followed by alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles.

tonic-clonic

_______________________: •Neurologic outcome of an interruption of blood flow to the cerebrum depends on the cause, location, and size of the infarct or hemorrhage.

•Infarcts occur when an embolus or thrombus lodges in a vessel, creating ischemia (obstructing blood flow)

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Do signs and symptoms of strokes depend on the location and size of the lesion?

yes

_______________: approaches attempt to decrease the severity of the neurologic deficits.

remediation