Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy

Complementarity of structure and function

When the anatomy of a body part is intimately related to its specific function.

Arrange in correct order the simplest level of organization to the most complex

Molecule, Cell, Tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Anatomical Position

standing upright,facing forward, wth the arms at the side and palms facing forward

What are all the Directional Terms?

Posterior or Dorsal (back), Anterior or Ventral (Front), Proximal (closer to the body/trunk), Distal (farther from the body/trunk), Medial (toward the middle/center of the body), Lateral (away from the middle/center of the body)

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy

Anabolism

Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy (endergonic)

Sagittal Plane

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

Midsagittal (median) Plane

Cut was made perfectly on midline

Parasagittal

Plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts (cut was off-centered, not on midline)

Frontal (coronal) Plane

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

Transverse (horizontal) plane)

Divides body horizontal (90 degree to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

Cross Section

Imaginary or real cuts (slices) perpendicular to the main axis of an organ, bone, or the entire body

Oblique Section

Diagonal slice or section made through the body or an organ at an angle that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the standard vertical and horizontal axis

What are the two major divisions of the ventral body cavity?

Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity

What are the two main body cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity and Ventral Body Cavity

What are the two cavities in the Dorsal Body Cavity contain and what is its function

Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Cavity; Function: Protects fragile nervous system; (Cranial Cavity encases brain, Vertebral cavity encases spinal cord)

The Diaphragm separates the

Thoracic Cavity from the Abdominopelvic cavity

The thoracic cavity contain(s) the

Pericardial Cavity, Pleural Cavity, and Superior mediastinum

Which structure is located within the mediastinum

Pericardial Cavity

The dorsal body cavity contains the

Brain

Name the quadrants for abdominopelvic

Left lower quadrant (LLQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

The liver is primarily located in what quadrant

Right Upper Quadrant

What cavities is found in the Ventral Body Cavity

Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity

What are the bodies smaller cavities that are exposed to the environment and the one not exposed to the environment?

Exposed to environment: Oral, Digestive, Nasal, Orbital, Middle Ear Cavities; Not exposed to environment: Synovial Cavities (joint cavities)

What is gross or macroscopic anatomy?

study of large, visible structures

What is Microscopic anatomy?

structures too small to be seen by naked eye

What is cytology?

microscopic study of cells

What is histology?

microscopic study of tissues

What is developmental anatomy?

studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite contuous changes in environment; A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed

What are the necessary life functions

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

What is integumentary system?

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury

What is skeletal system?

Protects and support body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

What is the muscular system?

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

What is the function of the nervous system?

The fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

What is the function of cardiovascular system?

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood.

What is the function of the lymphatic system/immune system?

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

What is the function of respiratory system?

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

What is the function of the digestive system?

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

What is the function of the urinary system?

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

What is the function of reproductive system?

Overall function is production of offspring.

What are the five things for survival needs?

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, Appropriate atmospheric pressure

What is directional terms?

Describe one body structure in relation to another body structure.

What is the two major divisions of the body?

Axial (head, neck and trunk) & Appendicular (legs and arms)