Week 1 Intro to Movement Science, Osteokinematics, Arthrokinematics

kinesiology

study of human movement

primary effector systems

cause changes outside the body, include: musculoskeletal and nervous system, produce movement

primary support systems

respiratory, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, affected by movement

motion

the ability of a joint or tissue to be moved passively

force

ability of contractile and non-contractile structures to produce movement and provide dynamic stability

energy

ability to perform sustained or repeated movements and depends on integrated functioning of CV, pulm, and NM systems

motor control

ability to plan, execute, and adaot purposeful movements that are accurate, coordinated, and efficient

environmental factors

physical aspects, social aspects

personal factors

psychology, cognition, health status

sagittal plane

cuts the body vertically, if right down the middle is called the median plane

frontal plane

cuts the body into anterior and posterior pieces aka coronal plane

transverse plane

cuts the body into inferior and superior pieces, aka the horizontal plane

degrees of freedom

coordinates to how many planes a joint or body part can move in

osteokinematic motion

motions you can see, movement of bones, aka physiological motions

vertical axis

coordinates to the horizontal plane

sagittal axis

coordinates to the frontal plane

frontal axis

coordinates to the saggital plane

proximal on distal

proximal part moves while the distal is fixed, closed chain

distal on proximal

distal portion moves while the proximal part is fixed, open chain

open chain kinematics

ex: knee extension, distal segment free to move, movement at one link doesn’t affect the other

closed chain kinematics

ex: squat, distal segment is fixed, movements are restricted, determines movement of other segments up the chain

isometric contraction

muscle length does not change during contraction, ex: deltoid holds are in abduction (stops movement)

concentric contraction

muscle shortens during contraction, ex: deltoid shortens to raise arm in abduction (accelerates)

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens during contraction, ex: deltoid lengthens to lower arm in adduction (slows/deccelerates)

position

where you are in space. planes, and location

displacement

where you moved to, an endpoint

translational displacement

straight or curved line, units in mn

rotational displacement

circular around an axis, units in degrees

velocity

rate at whihc displacement occurs

acceleration

rate of velocity change

kinematics

active caused by stimulated muscle, passive cause by forces other than muscle contraction

range of motion

the amount of motion available around a particular joint axis, generally measured in degrees, correspond to planes of motion

3 fundamental arthrokinematic movements

roll, slide, spin

convex-on-concave rule

roll and slide of the moving convex bone occurs in opposite direction, for example, as the bone rolls forward, it slides backward to compensate and stay within the joint cavity

concave-on-convex rule

roll and slide occur in the same direction of the moving concave bone, so if the concave bone rolls anteriorly it will also slide anteriorly

spin

movement occurs around an axis of rotation that pierces both bones, ex the radius on the humerus

saddle joint

has concave and convex surfaces in different planes, examples are the thumb (1st metacarpal) on the trapezium

joint accessory motion

example is unrestrained, passive tibial translation that occurs due to torn ACL and PCL

close packed

aka closed, joint position of maximal congruency in which most ligaments are taut, naturally stable position of the joint, example: MCP joints in full flexion

loose packed

aka open, ligament and capsule relatively slack, allows more accessory motion, example are the MCP joints in resting position

example of motion as an element of movement

short muscles of arthritic joint can restrict normal motion

example of force as an element of movement

injured muscles or tendons can limit this production

example of energy as an element of movement

MS or CHF may limit activity capacity

example of motor control as an element of movement

a sprained joint of CVA can cause aberrant or faulty movement patterns 

components of movement science

anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, psychology