OB Exam 1 PSU 2026WF

What does a total fertility rate (TFR) of >2 indicate?

Population is growing

What does a total fertility rate (TFR) of <2 indicate?

Population is decreasing

What is considered a LBW?

<2,500g

What is considered a VBLW?

<1,500g

What is considered a very premature birth?

<32 weeks

What is considered a moderately premature birth?

32-33 weeks

What is considered a late premature birth?

34-36 weeks

What do Skene’s and Bartholin Glands do?

Produce mucus and provide lubrication, also aid sperm

What is the fundus?

Top of uterus

What is the cornua of the uterus?

Body of the uterus

What 3 layers does the myometrium consist of ?

Longitudinal (Outer), interlacing (middle), and circular fibers (Inner)

What 3 layers does the corpus consist of?

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

What does endometrial milk do?

Assist sperm and provide nourishment for blastocysts

What happens to mucus at ovulation and why?

Becomes clearer and more alkaline to protect sperm

What is a karyotype?

Pictorial analysis of number, size, and form of chromosomes

What type of cell does mitosis produce?

Diploid

What type of cell does meiosis produce?

Haploid

What is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females?

Turner syndrome (45,x)

What is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in males?

Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)

What age is a developing fetus the most vulnerable?

first 8 weeks

Considerations when using the basal body temperature method of contraception?

Check temperature every morning before arising
Use BBT monitor or tympanic that reads in tenths

Record 3 to 4 months

After ovulation, temp rise of 0.3-0.6 C or 0.5-1.0 F

Abstain from intercourse from day of slight drop in temp to 3 days from temperature increase

When does LH increase?

12-48 hours before ovulation

What drugs may decrease contraceptive effectiveness?

Anticonvulsants, antifungals, antibiotics, HIV protease inhibitors

Side effects of estrogen?

Alterations in lipid metabolism
breast tenderness
Fluid retention
headache

HTN

Nausea

Side effects of progestin

Acne, oily skin

Breast tenderness
Decreased libido
Depression

fatigue

hirsutism
weight gain
oligomenorrhea

Contraindications for hormonal contraceptives?

Pregnancy, hx stroke, heart disease, liver disease, gall bladder disease, heavy smoking, HTN, DBM

What are the two protective layers of the ovum called?

Zona pellucida and corona radiata

How long does it take for the sperm to reach teh ampulla?

2-7 hours, can survive 72 hours

What is the cortical reaction?

Reaction to stop other sperm from entering zona pellucida after one

What are the 3 stages of intrauterine development?

Preembryonic stage
Embryonic stage (day 15-8wks)

Fetal stage (every organ present)

What is cleavage in the fallopian tubes?

Rapid mitotic divisions

What is a morula?

Solid ball of 16 cells formed 3 days after conception

What is the blastocyst?

Structure that has differentiated into an inner cell mass and outer cell layer (inner embryoblast and outer trophoblast)

What is early pregnancy factor?

Immunosuppressant protein from trophoblastic cells that protect cells from the immune system

What is nidation and when does it occur?

embedding of fertilized ovum into the uterine mucosa. Occurs 5-10 days after fertilization

What are projections from the trophoblast extend into the maternal blood supply called?

Chorionic villi

What is the endometrium called after implantation?

Decidua

What is the decidua basalis?

Under the blastocyst, becomes maternal placenta

Where is the decidua parietalis

Lining the rest of the endometrium on the uterine cavity

What structures might ectoderms form?

Epidermis
hair follicles
CNS and PNS

What structures might mesoderms form?

Kidneys and ureters

Reproductive organs

Skeleton
Muscles
Cardiovascular system

What structures might endoderms form?

Respiratory tract epithelium

Lining of the digestive tract

Liver and pancreatic tissue

What is the chorion?

Outermost embryonic membrane

What is the amnion?

Inner membrane of embryo that encloses amniotic fluid

Functions of amniotic fluid?

Maintain body temp

Cushioning

Prevents adherence to amnion

Allows movement for musculoskeletal growth

Allows expansion of alveoli

Normal amount of amniotic fluid?

800-100ml

How long is the umbilical cord? How many arteries and veins?

30-90cm, 2 arteries 1 vein

What is Wharton’s jelly?

Connective tissue that prevents compression of blood vessels

What is a nuchal cord?

Cord around baby’s neck

What is a cotyledon?

Functional unit of the placenta

What week does the embryonic heart begin to function?

4 weeks

What functions is the placenta responsible for?

Respiration, nutrition, excretion, storage

What does progesterone cause in the uterus?

Decreases uterine contractility

What is estrogens role in fetal development

Proliferation of breast tissue, uterine growth, uterine-placental blood flow

When can a doppler be used to detect FHT

8-12 weeks

What is quickening and when can it first be felt?

First perception of fetal movement, 20 weeks

At how many weeks are primitive alveoli present?

24 weeks

What is lecithin?

Surfactant needed for expansion and stabilization of alveoli

What is sphingomyelin

Surfactant needed for expansion and stabilization of alveoli

What is the LS ratio about 1:1

29-32 weeks

When does surfactant production peak? What is the LS ratio

about 35 weeks, 2:1

what are dizygotic twins?

Fraternal twins (2 mature ovum from 2 separate sperm)

What are monozygotic twins

Identical twins, one fertilized ovum that divides

What is infant mortality rate?

number of infant deaths <1 year of age per 1000 live births

What is the highest cause of infant mortality?

Congenital abnormalities

What is the primary cause of maternal death in the U.S.?

Mental health

Where are Skene’s Glands and what do they do??

Located on both sides of the urethra and produce mucus for lubrication

Where are Bartholin’s glands and what do they do?

Located near vaginal orifice provide, lubrication and aid sperm

What is the pH of the vagina?

4.0-5.0

What is the corpus of the uterus?

Body of the uterus

What is the cornua of the uterus?

Where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

Where is the endometrium of the uterus?

Innermost layer of the uterus (monthly degeneration and assists sperm via enodmetrial milk)

Where is the myometrium of the uterus?

Middle layer

Where is the perimetrium of the uterus located?

Outermost layer

What happens to cervical mucus at ovulation?

Thins, clearer, more alkaline to protect sperm

What is the isthmus and ampulla of the fallopian tube?

Isthmus- narrow portion
Ampulla- Wider outer portion

What are the 2 main hormones associated with pregnancy?

Progesterone and estrogen

What is the symphisis pubis?

Joint where two pubic bones meet

What is the shortest part of the pelvic inlet?

Obstetric conjugate

What is the largest diameter of the pelvic inlet?

Transverse diameter

What is the shortest part of the midpelvis and entire pelvis?

Interspinous diameter (between ischial spines)

What is the shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet?

bi-ischial or inter-tuberous distance

Is a gynecoid pelvis favorable or unfavorable for child birth?

Favorable

Is a android pelvis favorable or unfavorable for child birth?

unfavorable

Is a anthropod pelvis favorable or unfavorable for child birth?

Favorable

Is a platypelloid pelvis favorable or unfavorable for child birth?

Unfavorable

What do broad ligaments of the uterus do?

Cover part of anterior and posterior uterus to stabilize uterus centrally

What do round ligaments of the uterus start and end?

From side of uterus near fallopian tube to labia majora

Where do cardinal ligaments of the uterus provide?

Chief uterine support (From side of uterus to true pelvis)

What do tubercles of montgomery do?

Sebaceous glands that provide lubrication to protect breast while infant sucks

What is primary amenorrhea?

No period by age 16 or 2 years after beast development. (potentially genetic systemic)

What is secondary amenorrhea?

Absence of menses for 3-6 months after regular periods. (assess medical history to determine cause)

What causes dysmenorrhea?

PID, endometriosis, endometrial polyps, STD

What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menses

How is dysmenorrhea treated?

Pain management through ibuprofen, heat, massage, exercise, nutrition (Decrease salt, sugar), sometimes contraception

When do PMS symptoms begin and end?

Begin in the luteal phase. Symptoms from time of ovulation until onset of menses

Symptoms of PMS?

Fluid retention

weight gain

Behavioral or emotional irritability

Headaches, migraines, n/v

acne

Treatment of PMS?

Careful history and symptom tracking, exercise, decrease chocolate, cola, coffee, red meat, alcohol, nicotine

Symptoms of endometriosis?

Pelvic pain, painful intercourse, bleeding