bio 115 exam 3 (microbial diversity)

prokaryotic

not membrane bound

no nuclear region

single, circular, smaller

eukaryotic

membrane bound

nucleus

multiple, linear, bigger

five kingdoms

bacteria

protista

fungai

plantae

animal

conjugation

presence of F plasmid makes conjugation possible

F+ cells donate to F-

what does conjugation create

new combination of alleles

elements of metabolism

ATP and building material (carbon)

viruses

non cellular, infective particles that require a host cell for reproduction

structure of virus

all have capsid

-protein spikes

-genetic material (enzymes that help incorporate into host)

genetic material of virus

double, single DNA and double single RNA

may have both DNA and RNA

genome is smaller than bacteria

virus reproductive cycle

1 entry and unceasing

2 replication

3 transcription and manufacture of capsid proteins

4 self assembly of new particles and exit

lytic

capside stays outside, injects DNA, enzymes and OG materials are cut up

viral stuff is copied, self assembly into a capsid and exit and move to new cells

horizontal gene tranfer

transfer of genetic material between people (not parent- offspring)

often between two species

mediated by a virus

transduction

1 phage infects bacteria donor w A+B+ alleles

2 phage DNA is replicated/ proteins synthesized

3 fragment of DNA w/ A+ allen is packaged within a phage capsid

4 phage w A+ infects recipient cell (crossing over)

5 incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell w. genotype A+B

photoautotrophic

build complex molecules using sunlight (single carbon)

how does photoautotrophic species acquire molecules w lots of C-C bonds

creates organic molecules from CO2

heterocyst

thicker cell wall

not green (no photoS)

keeps O2 ou

brings in N fixed to NH3

everyone benefits

Cyanobacteria

produce ATP through oxygenic photoS

source of O in atmosphere

stramotalites

what can cyanobacteria fix

nitrogen fixing into NH3

nitrogen then used into proteins

DO NOT work in presence of O2

chemoautotrophic

needs carbon for initial links, making their own molecules

nitrobacteria vulgaris

consume nitrites (NO2) as course of CO2

cannot survive without CO2 (chemoauto)w

what do nitrobacteria vulgars produce

nitrates (NO3) as waste

critical part of nitrogen cycle

legumes

includes beans, lentils, alfalfa, peanuts etc

roots have nodules that house symbiotic bacteria

what strategy when using light but also living without CO2

photohetero

what strategy when using light and no light as well as non living with no organic molecules

chemohetero

how do chemoheteros produce ATP

through reduction of sulfur dioxide

lysogenic cycle

OG stuff isn’t chopped up, it is incorporated into the virus

does not destroy host cell

allows for replication (causes symptoms)

can switch to lytic

mRNA vaccine

encapsed in a. lipid nanoparticle coat so it can enter cells

peptide fragments of spike fragment

mitochondria

1 host cell surrounds and engulfs bacterium

2 bacterium lives within host cell

3 endosymbiosis, host cell supplies bacterium w protection and carbon

4 bacterium supplies host with ATP

endosymbiosis

- host cell supplies bacterium w protection and carbon

-bacterium supplies host with ATP

do mitochondria have DNA

yes 2 membranes circular chromosomes

evolution of chloroplasts

there is a double membrane

DNA on circular chromosomes

ribosomes similar to bacteria

primary endo

the first engolfs

secondary endo

being engulfed a second time

protista

all elk that are not plants, animal and fungi

Protista example

algae protozons molds

Protista complex

unicellular and microscopic