biology y9 topic 1 (cell biology)

studied byStudied by 13 people
5.0(2)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 83

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

84 Terms

1

put these in order of size: Organ, Tissue, Organelle, atom, organism, cell, molecule, organ system

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

New cards
2

what is an organelle?

small sub-cellular structures

New cards
3

what is a cell?

basic unit of life

New cards
4

what is a tissue?

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

New cards
5

what is an organ?

groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

New cards
6

what is an organ system?

Organs and tissues that work together to perform a specific function

New cards
7

What is an organism?

Organ systems that work together to enable life

New cards
8

name MRSHGREN

Movement Reproduction Sensitivity Homeostasis Growth Respiration Excretion Nutrition

New cards
9

What is Homeostasis?

Keeping the body system stable and balanced

New cards
10

Name 6 organ systems

Skeletal, Nervous, Circulatory ,Gas exchange ,Digestive, Muscular

New cards
11

Circulatory system function?

to transport nutrients and oxygen round the body

New cards
12

Reproductive system function?

to reproduce the next generation

New cards
13

Excretory system function?

to get rid of metabolic waste mase by the body

New cards
14

Gas exchange function?

To obtain oxygen and get rid of co2

New cards
15

Digestive system function?

To convert large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones

New cards
16

Skeletal/muscular system function?

To support the body and allow movement

New cards
17

nervous system function?

To respond very quickly to change in the surroundings and control vital body processes

New cards
18

immune system function?

To protect the body from microbes and disease

New cards
19

hormonal system function?

To respond to internal changes and control vital body processes. transports chemical signals through blood

New cards
20

is anything smaller than a cell alive?

nope

New cards
21

what are cells made up of?

Organelles (however they cannot survive alone)

New cards
22

What organelles are part of a plant cell?

Nucleus, Mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, chloroplasts

New cards
23

Nucleus function?

contains DNA

New cards
24

mitochondria function?

carries out respiration

New cards
25

Cytoplasm function?

chemical reactions take place here

New cards
26

Cell membrane function?

controls what enters/exits the cell

New cards
27

Ribosome function?

where proteins are made

New cards
28

cell wall function?

made of cellulose which gives support/strength to the cell

New cards
29

vacuole function?

storage area which contains cell sap. water pressure in here helps to support the cell

New cards
30

chloroplasts function?

makes food (by photosynthesis) using green chlorophyll

New cards
31

Organelles in an animal cell?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria

New cards
32

What is an Eukaryote?

something that has a nucleus

New cards
33

What is a unicellular organism?

organisms that are made of just one cell

New cards
34

Features of a prokaryote?

Have no nucleus (DNA in cytoplasm), Have ribosomes+ cell membrane+ cell wall, Have no mitochondria or vacuole, carries out binary fission

New cards
35

What is Binary Fission?

the process through which asexual reproduction happens in bacteria

New cards
36

feature of an eukaryote?

have a true nucleus, have all the usual structures+ organelles, carries out mitosis

New cards
37

What does a microscope do?

produces a magnified image of an object that are too small to be seen via the naked eye

New cards
38

total magnification equation?

mag of eyepiece x mag of objective lens

New cards
39

what is the eyepiece lens mag?

x10

New cards
40

low/med/high power objective lens mag?

x4, x10, x40

New cards
41

what are the different types of microscopes?

light microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope

New cards
42

features of a light microscope?

max mag = x2000, 2d shape, resolving power = 200nm, object could be alive

New cards
43

features of a scanning electron microscope?

max mag = x500,000, resolving power = 10nm, 3d image, object has to be dead

New cards
44

feature of a transmission electron microscope?

max mag = x1,000,000, resolving power = 0.2 nm, 2d image

New cards
45

microscope magnification definition?

how many times larger an image is compared to real life

New cards
46

resolution definition?

the ability to distinguish between two separate points. the amount of detail that can be seen.

New cards
47

what is the SI (standard) unit for measuring length?

metres

New cards
48

magnification equation for actual size?

I(mage) = A(ctual size) x M(agnification)

New cards
49

specialized cell definition?

cells that have a special adaptation to help them carry out a specific function

New cards
50

what is differentiation?

when cells become specialized they can can change shape and gain/lose specific organelles

New cards
51

differentiation definition?

the production of specialized cells in plants+animals to enable them to carry out specific functions

New cards
52

differentiation in animal cell…

tends to happen at an early stage

New cards
53

differentiation in plants…

happens throughout their life

New cards
54

characteristics of stem cells?

they are unspecialized, they are undifferentiated, replicate themselves for long periods of time to form clones, can differentiate into lots of different types of cells

New cards
55

what are clones?

genetically identical cells

New cards
56

stem cell deffinition?

simple cell which is able to divide and produce many more of the same type. can also produce many differentiated specialized cells.

New cards
57

what are the two types of stem cell found in mammals and humans?

embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

New cards
58

what are embryonic stem cells?

can differentiate and become any of the specialized cells, tissues and organ of an embryo. can produce a complete organism

New cards
59

what is an adult stem cell?

cells found in adult tissues. they act as a repair system for the body, they replace cells that are lost through normal wear/tear, injury or disease.

New cards
60

how can you get embryonic stem cells?

taken from human embryos

New cards
61

how can you get adult stem cells?

(cannot differentiate into any cell type) mostly used from bone marrow - these can differentiate into any type of blood cell and a few other cell types only.

New cards
62

problem with stem cells in medication?

some say it is unethical and shouldn`t be done.

New cards
63

name for plant stem cells?

meristematic cells (used to produce clones quickly)

New cards
64

uses of stem cells in plants?

medical treatment and disease resistant crops can be cloned (for food)

New cards
65

what are chromosomes?

found in the nucleus-thread like strands of DNA

New cards
66

numbers of chromosomes

you have 46 (23 mum 23 dad)

New cards
67

pairs in males and females

23 pairs in total (46individual) - 22 are the same in males and females however the 23rd is xy in males and xx in females

New cards
68

what is a gene

genes carry the instruction for making proteins within the cell. genes determine the characteristics and features of an organism.

New cards
69

what is DNA ?

Dna is a very long molecule, double helix shape, composed of bases and a sugar phosphate backbone

New cards
70

what are the bases in dna

C-G (remember Car in a Garage)

A-T(Apple in a Tree)

New cards
71

what is the sugar in the sugar phosphate backbone?

deoxyribose

New cards
72

gene definition

as hort section of DNA that codes for proteins.

New cards
73

name some proteins

Enzymes - control chem reactions

antibodies - protect us from diseases

Haemoglobin - carries oxygen round the body

hormones - chemical messages

RUBISCO - essential for photosynthesis

New cards
74

cell cycle?

three stages that a cell in an organism goes through during their life

New cards
75

what are the stages in a cell cycle?

1 - interphase

2- mitosis

3- cytokinesis

New cards
76

cell cycle - what happens

1 - G1 (the cell grows)

2- S (synthesis, cell copies its DNA)

3- G2 (cell gets even bigger)

4 - M (mitosis, cell division (has 4 parts)

New cards
77

what are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

New cards
78

Mitosis definition

a form of nuclear division which produces genetically identical copies of cells. (bacteria cannot because there is no nucleus)

New cards
79

mitosis means that…

each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. this is called a diploid number of chromosomes (in humans its 46)

New cards
80

when does mitosis occur?

during growth, repair, and asexual reproduction (in dome organisms)

New cards
81
New cards
82
New cards
83
New cards
84
New cards
robot