HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ART

Broadly refers to the “art of today.” It encompasses artwork produced during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, specifically following the Modern Art movement

Contemporary Art

(marking the end of modernism) serves as its beginning

late 1960’s or early 1970’s

lacks uniform style. it challenges the very nature of artwork itself, forcing viewers to question how art is defined. serves as a vital tool for self-expression, offering poignant social and cultural commentaries on the modern world.

Contemporary Art

initially grew alongside Modernism but eventually diverged from it

Contemporary Art

Critic Roger Fry and his colleagues founded the Contemporary Art Society in London, a private group aimed at purchasing artwork for public museums

1910

More institutions began using the term “Conemporary”

1930’s

Art scholars eventually classified Modern Art as a distinct historical style tied to a specific timeframe. In contrast, Contemporary Art continues to progress and evolve dynamically over time.

The Distinction

The Philippines possesses a rich and diverse artistic heritage, shaped heavily by its history of colonization under …

• Spanish

• American

• Japan

These periods infused Filipino art with global influences, ranging from the

Renaissance and Baroque to the Modern era

The period sparked a global and local “Creative Upheaval”

Post-WWII and the Martial Law Era (1970’s)

Art as Protest

Writers and filmmakers boldly broke laws o voice their protests against the government, using nationalistic themes

Embracing Modernism

Numerous Filipino artists and architects eagerly adopted modernist styles, expanding into a wide variety of new expressions and media

By the late 1980’s, Postmodernism arrived in the Philippines, intentionally contradicting the ideas of the early modernism

The Rise of Postmodernism (late 1980’s)

The Philosophy

Postmodernism believe that artists no longer needed to struggle to create something entirely “new”

The Method

Instead, they believe artists should “borrow, combine, and explore” existing elements to generate fresh meanings

This postmodern philosophy gave birth to integrative art, a multi-disciplinary approach that is actively practiced across the different regions of the Philippines today

Present-Day Regional Practice

A multi-disciplinary approach that is actively practiced across different regions of the Philippines today

Integrative Art

Seven Major Styles of Modernist painting (Modernist and Post-modernist)

• Impressionism

• Post-Impressionism

• Expressionism

• Cubism

• Surrealism

• Abstract Expressionism

• Optical Art

began in France, concerned with an intense involvement with light-capturing the effect of light on objects and portraying this effect on canvas

Impressionism (1860-1930)

an attempt to give an “impression” of a scene rather than to include every detail. was done to give greater feelings in general for a work as compared to the specific messages conveyed by Realists

Impressionism (1860-1930)

Among the important French Impressionists were …

• Claude Monet

• Auguste Renoir

• Edgar Degas

• Camille Pissaro

surrounded a loosely organized collection of painters who broke away from Impressionism for intellectual reasons

Post-Impressionism (1880-)

applied scientific principles to their art, and most others, … experimented in expressionism of color and semi-abstract formats less in keeping with the Impressionistic styl

Post-Impressionism (1880-)

The movement began and soon laid the foundation for many individual directed in modern art

Post-Impressionism (1880-)

a style of art that doesn’t intend to be realistic but instead to portray imagery to express the inner state of the artist

Expressionism (1905-)

is emotional art, that is boldly executed and makes free use of distortion and symbols

Expressionism (1905-)

usually associated with German art and was influenced by other emotional styles including Cubism and Fauvism. This style was mainly based in Germany from 1905-1940

Expressionism (1905-)

Impression Sunrise

Impressionism (1860-930)

Starry Night

Post-Impressionism (1880-)

The Entombment

Expressionism (1905-)

in painting and sculpture was fathered by …, influenced by the conceptual painter …

Picasso and Braque ; Paul Cezanne

believed that the world could be perceived as groups of planes or solid geometric forms, (cubes, cylinders, spheres). He organized pictures on a structural and formal level

Paul Cezanne

carried this concept in to a process of abstraction, later termed Cubism

Picasso and Braque

Other artists in this period were Leger and Gris

Cubism (1910-)

was based upon dreams, the irrational and the fantastic and began in the 1920’s

Realism (1920-)

was the most well known surrealist who painted his dreams realistically

Salvador Dali

painted impossible combinations of objects in dreamlike worlds

Henri Magritte

painted abstract creatures and fantastic shapes

Miro

The Burning Giraffe

Realism (1920-)

originating in the U.S during the 1940’s and 1950’s. characterized by spontaneity, emotion, bold colors, and/or strong value contrast on very large canvases

Abstract Expressionism (1940-)

These are usually non-objective like the work of

Jackson Pollock

He often included figures in his work but the act of applying the paint and the color were the primary subjects of his paintings

William De Kooning

Ocean Greyness

Abstract Expressionism (1940-)

this style of painting uses lines or shapes of contrasting color to generate optical sensations.

Optical Art (1960-)

They began creating these illusions in he 1960’s

Optical Art (1960-)

According to …, an American art theorist, painting prior to modernism had been dominated by he other arts, particularly by literature, in this sense that it had ben preoccupied depicting scenes from literature, religion, and other cultural narratives.

Clement Greenberg

who argues that the specificity of painting is its being a paint that is applied to a flat, two-dimensional surface

Clement Greenberg

These are four major styles of postmodernist painting

• Dada

• Pop Art

• Photorealism

• New Classicism

founded in the early 1900’s by a group of artists and writers who were disgusted with bourgeois (social middle class) values and who chose a nonsense word to describe their protest activities and anti-aesthetic

Dada (French, hobbyhorse ; 1915-)

These attitudes were generated by the horrors of WWI

Dada (1915-)

These artists did very little painting. They preferred to make constructions called …

Ready mades '; Dada (1915-)

They created crazy kinds of machines and sculptures that were clearly useless

Dada (1915-)

The anarchic spirit of dada can be seen in works by

• Marcel Duchamp

• Kurt Schwitters

established as the dominant American style, some artists began rebelling against what they regarded as its excessively solemn and theoretical change

Pop Art (1950-)

This rebellion resulted in a style, artists drew their imagery advertisements, comic strips, films, everyday objects, and popular culture

Pop Art (1950-)

originated in London with exhibition by … and others

Pop Art (1950-) ; Richard Hamilton

is descended from … work, such as his “ready-mades.”

Marcel Duchamp

Who were two of the important pop artists

Andy Warhol and Claus Oldenburg

influenced by pop art, which emerged in the late 1960’s and favoured such subjects as neon signs, cafeterias, and common place urban and suburban scenes

Photorealism (1970-)

These were meticulously rendered with the help of photography, resulting in a precisely detailed, impersonal verisimilitude (appearance of being true or real)

Photorealism (1970-)

The Americans who were the prominent photorealist painters in this period

• Richard Estes

• Robert Cottingham

• Chuck Close

• Don Eddy

borrows the styles and forms of classical art to depict postmodern mundane and everyday themes. Classic styles and forms are usually associated with the grand and theme

New Classicism

Is more evident in postmodern architecture where … are used to embellish contemporary facades

New Classicism ; Ionian, Doric, and Tuscan elements

hailed as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art" and was the first artist named a National Artist of the Philippines

Francisco Amorsolo

Spoliarium Painting

Juan Luna

is the visual property of the pigment of an object that is detected by the eye and produced as a result of the way the object reflects or emits light. is one of the most diverse and powerful elements of art

Color has three properties:

Hue: The name of the color

Value: A color’s lightness or darkness

Intensity: The brightness or dullness

Primary Colors

Red, Blue, and Yellow

Found opposite each other on the color wheel (e.g. red/green, purple/yellow, orange/blue). when placed side by side, creates an appealing, vibrant contrast

Complementary Colors

Colors that are touching each other on the color wheel (e.g. blue/green, red/orange). creates harmony and unity because they share the same base hues.

Analogous Colors

(reds, oranges, yellows) pop out toward the viewer, creating energy and excitement

Warm colors

(blues, greens, violets) recede from the eye, creatin a calming effect

Cool Colors

defined as the path of a point moving through space. may be continuous or broken, and can be any width or texture, making them especially versatile tool. one point to another

Line

diagonal lines create movement and energy, while horizontal and vertical lines add stability and strength

Direction of Line

these form the outside edge of a three-dimensional shape and clearly define the area it occupies

contour lines

lines that show movement, particularly of characters in an artwork

Gesture lines

Lines not physically marked, but visually suggested. our eyes naturally follow the specific focus points.

Implied Lines

Lines used explicitly to convey feeling and emotion

Expressive Lines

an enclosed area of space created through lines or other elements of the composition and strictly two-dimensional.

Shape

Precise areas that can be made using a ruler or compass. are measurable

Geometric Shapes

complex, imprecise, and asymmetrical shapes that gives works of a natural feeling

Organic / Free-Form Shapes

is closely related to shape, but unlike shape, is always three-dimensional. measurable by length, width, height, and enclosed volume.

Form

refers to the lightness or darkness of colors and is described in varying levels of contrasts.

Value

Created when an artist adds white to a color

Tint

Created when an artist adds black to a color

Shade

artists uses techniques like hatching, cross-hatching, and stippling to build value.

Shading techniques

The way objects feel, or the way it looks like it would feel

Texture

The real physical feeling of a surface that can be touched

Tactile / Actual Texture

The illusion of texture in a two-dimensional artwork

Visual Texture

is concerned with how an artwork depicts depth, allowing a two-dimensional surface to tree-dimensional. occupied or not occupied by the artwork

Space

A mathematical system using lines converging at a vanishing point to create an illusion of deep space

Linear Perspective

A method where distant objects appear fuzzier, less detailed, and lower in contrast due to the effects of the atmosphere

Atmospheric (Aerial) Perspective

refers to the areas filled with the primary subject

Positive space

is the empty space surrounding or between the subjects

Negative space

is the proper distribution of weight

Balance

is the arrangement of elements

Contrast

is the focus or center of the artwork

Emphasis

Made through pattern and rhythm shows directions

Movement

repetition of specific visual elements

Pattern

repetition of or alternation in elements to create cohesiveness and interest

rhythm

despite the contrast, it creates one thing. everything works together and looks like it fits

Unity